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🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Hellenistic (Ptolemy III 246 BCE) → Roman, Palace of Columns 1st c. CE · Hellenistic Ptolemaic port palace and Roman later
Ptolemais Kraeling 1960s, Palace Columns 165 m peristyle.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient port
Phoenician (500 BCE) → Punic → Roman Septimian basilica 2nd c. CE urban expansion Severus, 365 Crete quake partially submerged 1 m · Punic → Roman Antonine Severan harbour theatre 108 m diameter with 3-storey scaenae
Sabratha Guidi 1923 Severan theatre of Severus 150.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Norte Chico Preceramic (3700–2500 BCE coastal capital 15 mounds 3700–2500) · Norte Chico coastal sibling to Caral (Aspero has 6 mounds associated shell middens)
Aspero Feldman 1980 3700 BCE mounds with shicra.
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Ancient port
Late Bronze Alasia (1600–1050 BCE) Enkomi palace 1450 BCE copper port of Alasia letters Amarna · Cypriot Alasia (Mycenaean-Cypriot Late Bronze) Amarna copper Alashiya, 1180 Sea Peoples destruction
Enkomi SCE Schaeffer 1934 Alasia 1600–1180.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Greek Archaic (510 BCE Battus II colonization) → Byzantine Justinian wall 530 CE · Greek Cyrene colonization Dorieus? Taucheira 510 BCE
Tocra Boardman 1950s Taucheira Greek 510.
🇬🇷 Greece · Ancient city
Minoan · Minoan
Phaistos (Festòs) in Crete, Heraklion, Greece is a Minoan ancient city attributed to Minoan culture. Settlement complex with stratified occupation, demonstrating urban planning and craft production.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Swift Creek–Weeden Island 350–750 CE · Swift Creek – Weeden Island
Woodland Mound A 17 m, Swift Creek 350–750 CE.
🇨🇳 China · Ancient city
Neolithic Baodun (2700–2000 BCE; walled 2500 BCE) · Baodun culture (Sichuan Chengdu Plain, Sanxingdui precursor)
Chengzishan is a Baodun culture walled town (2700–2000 BCE) — earliest walled site on the Chengdu Plain (pre-Sanxingdui), 10-ha rectangular walled settlement with rammed-earth wall.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Punic to Byzantine (4th c BCE – 7th c CE) · Punic / Numidian / Roman
Seybouse spa city with marble-lined north baths (45×35 m), hillside theatre (62 m) restored by Joly 1905, and Byzantine citadel reusing theatre seats. Hot aquae still flow 28°C.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Ancient city
Baekje Sabi Period (538–660 CE; UNESCO) · Baekje (King Seong to Uija)
Buyeo Naseong is Baekje's Sabi capital outer wall (538–660 CE, UNESCO) — 8.5-km earthen and stone wall (6 m high) enclosing 3.2 km² with Busosan Fortress and Neungsan-ri tombs.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Ancient city
Three Kingdoms Baekje (475–660 CE; Ungjin capital 475–538) · Baekje (Ungjin Period, King Munju to Seong)
Gongsanseong is the Baekje mountain–river fortress (475–538 CE, UNESCO) — 1.8-km walls (3.5 m high) on Gongsan hill with palace, pond, and Jumagru beacon above the Geum River.
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Temple complex
Chenla (Isanapura 616–635 CE) to Angkor · Chenla (Isanapura, King Isanavarman I)
Yeay Lao is one of three walled cities of Isanapura (Samor Prei Kuk, UNESCO 2017) — Chenla capital 616–635 CE, 250×250 m walled enclosure with 3 octagonal brick sanctuaries.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Mississippian 1000–1450 CE · Mississippian (Angel phase)
42 ha Mississippian walled town 1000–1450 CE.
🇯🇵 Japan · Ancient city
Asuka Period (694–710 CE) · Yamato (Empress Jito to Monmu)
Fujiwara-kyo is Japan's first planned Chinese-grid capital (694–710 CE) — 5×5 km Chang'an-style city with Fujiwara Palace (1 km² Suzaku Boulevard) at 60 m Yamato plain.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Ferghana Hellenistic to Karakhanid (300 BCE–1200 CE) · Ferghana (Dayuan/Ershi) to Karakhanid
Mingtepa is Ferghana capital Ershi — 35-ha walled city with Greek fort, Sogdian palace, Karakhanid mosque, identified with Chinese Han Ershi and Ferghana horses.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Ferghana medieval (300 BCE–1600 CE) · Ferghana to Samanid to Karakhanid
Akhsikath was Ferghana's medieval capital (9th–12th c) — 30-ha citadel + shahristan with 7-m walls, Syr Darya port and glass workshops, destroyed 1219 Mongol.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Tell
Chalcolithic to Iron Age (5000–500 BCE; Bronze Age city 2500–1500 BCE) · Anau–Namazga to Oxus (BMAC) to Yaz
Ulugh Depe is Turkmenistan's largest tell — 26-m-high (5000 BCE–500 BCE), 13-ha Bronze Age citadel with Yaz I citadel (1500 BCE) and Namazga IV–VI ceramics.
🇯🇵 Japan · Ancient city
Nara Period (710–784 CE; UNESCO 1998) · Yamato (Empress Genmei to Kōnin)
Heijo-kyo is Japan's Nara-period capital (710–784 CE, UNESCO) — 4.3×4.8 km Tang Chang'an-grid city with Heijo Palace and Suzakumon gate at 70 m Nara basin.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Ancient city
Karakhanid to Kazakh Khanate (1000–1600 CE) · Karakhanid to Golden Horde to Timurid to Kazakh
Sauran is a Karakhanid–Timurid fortified oasis city (1000–1600 CE) — 3-km rectangular wall (6 m high) with karez hydraulic network feeding Syr Darya plain.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Ancient city
Sogdian to Timurid (600 BCE–1400 CE) · Sogdian to Karakhanid to Timurid
Sairam–Isfijab is Kazakhstan's oldest city (600 BCE–1400 CE) — ancient Isfijab, 40-ha citadel–shahristan–rabad on the Syr Darya Silk Road with 8 gates.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Mississippian 1000–1250 CE · Mississippian (Cahokian)
Northernmost Mississippian walled town 1000–1250 CE.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Hellenistic to Kushan (320 BCE–500 CE) · Seleucids to Kushans (Yuezhi)
Yerkurgan is a Hellenistic–Kushan city (30 ha) near Karshi with Kushan palace, Greek Corinthian capitals, and Buddhist temple on the Silk Road.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Ferghana to Karakhanid (600 BCE–1200 CE) · Ferghana (Dayuan) Buddhist to Islamic
Kuva is Ferghana's Buddhist–Islamic city (20 ha) with 7th–9th c Buddhist temple (9 clay colossi, Gandhara stucco) then Karakhanid palace.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Early Bronze IVA (2600–2300 BCE) archive · Early Syrian Eblaite
Mardikh excavated by Matthiae 1964–, 20,000 tablet fragments, bilingual Sumerian-Eblaite vocabularies and palace colonnade.
