🇮🇳 India · Rock-cut
Junnar
Maurya → Satavahana 230 BCE–220 CE → Vakataka 250–400 CE · Satavahana Early Buddhist (Hinayana) → Brahmanical
200+ Satavahana rock-cut caves on Nanaghat pass (300 BCE–400 CE) — Naganika Brahmi inscription of Vedic rites.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Sutkagen Dor
Mature Harappan (2600–1900 BCE) · Harappan (Indus Valley Civilization, Makran coastal facies)
Westernmost Harappan (2600–1900 BCE)—17.5 ha walled Dasht port with 12-m walls, Arabian Sea trade terminus.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Ancient city
Fasil Ghebbi — Royal Enclosure of Gondar
Gondarine (1632–1864 CE) · Ethiopian Solomonic / Gondarine
Fasil Ghebbi is the 70,000 m² Royal Enclosure of Gondar, Ethiopia's 17th–18th c imperial capital (1632–1864).
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Temple complex
Surkh Kotal
Kushan 100–250 CE (Kanishka–Huvishka zenith) · Kushan–Bactrian (Yuezhi) with Greco–Bactrian substrate
Kushan dynastic fire temple (100–200 CE) on Surkh Kotal pass — 50 m terraced sanctuary with Kanishka statues and Bactrian inscription.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Tepe Yahya
Neolithic to Sasanian (5500 BCE–500 CE; peak Proto-Elamite 3100–2600 BCE) · Central Iran Neolithic → Proto-Elamite → Kerman Bronze → Iron → Sasanian
Soghun Plain circular tell with Proto-Elamite chlorite workshop and lapis trade archive.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Tell
Tepe Gawra
Ubaid to Middle Bronze (5000–1500 BCE; peak Chalcolithic 4500–3500 BCE) · Northern Ubaid → Gawran Chalcolithic → Uruk → Early Dynastic → Mitanni
Northern Ubaid–Uruk reference mound with 18 m Round House and 20-level sequence.
🇵🇪 Peru · Temple complex
Coricancha (Qorikancha) – Temple of the Sun, Cusco
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (1200–1533, imperial 1440–1532) · Inca (Manco Capac to Atahualpa)
Supreme Inca sanctuary (c.1200–1533, imperial rebuild Pachacuti c.1440) at heart of Cusco's sacred geography: trapezoidal-walled temenos enclosing Sun Temple curved ashlar wall (6 m high, 55 m long,…
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Ancient city
Mikulčice
Early Medieval Great Moravia 600–907 (peak 830–907) · Great Moravian Slavs (Veligrad hypothesis; Mojmirid)
Mikulčice-Valy — largest Great Moravian agglomeration (6th–10th c, peak Veligrad phase 830–907) on Morava floodplain at Slovak border, 30–50 ha fortified core + suburbs 150 ha.
🇩🇪 Germany · Ancient city
Ralswiek
Early Medieval Slavic Viking Age 750–900 · Slavic Rani (Rujaner) principality — Rugian Slavs
Ralswiek — Slavic Rani princely port-emporium (c.750–850 CE peak, with 8th c predecessor and 9th–10th c princely hall) on Großer Jasmunder Bodden isthmus, Rügen, controlling lagoon–Bay of Greifswald…
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Tell Heboua Frontier Fort Ways of Horus
Second Intermediate to New Kingdom · Hyksos / New Kingdom Egyptian
Tell Heboua Frontier Fort Ways of Horus at Sinai, Tell Heboua, Egypt is a Second Intermediate to New Kingdom ancient city of the Hyksos / New Kingdom Egyptian tradition, built c.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Askut Island Fortress
Middle Kingdom to X-Group (1860–500 BCE peak 1850 BCE) · Ancient Egyptian occupier
Mid-Nile island kite-fort Askut guarding Second Cataract channel.
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Ancient city
Pohansko
Early Medieval Great Moravia 780–907 (Mojmirid) · Great Moravian Slavs (Mojmirid dynasty, Carolingian imports)
Pohansko — Great Moravian agglomeration (late 8th–10th c, peak 830–900) 3 km south Břeclav at Dyje–Morava confluence, 28 ha central fort + 2 suburbs = 50 ha total.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Fortress
Vilnius Lower Castle
Medieval–Renaissance Lithuania 1323–1655 (Gediminas → Vasa) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Gediminid–Jagiellonian–Vasa)
Vilnius Lower Castle (Valdovų rūmai) — stately Renaissance palace of Grand Dukes of Lithuania (Gediminas c.1323 foundation, 15th–17th c Renaissance florescence Sigismund Old–Vasa) at foot of…
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Baba Jan Tepe
Iron Age I–II (1200–700 BCE; Phase II c.1000 BCE, Phase I c.800 BCE) · Central Zagros Iron Age (Luristan) → Median zone
Nurabad Iron Age pillared hall — 12-column prototype of Persian apadana.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Bhokardan
Chalcolithic to Yadava (1500 BCE–1400 CE) · Savaldas–Malwa to Satavahana–Vakataka–Yadava
Tell 1500 BCE–1400 CE (900×750 m)—Mahabharata's Bhogavardhana, 14 levels Chalcolithic to Yadava.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Masada — Desert Fortress of Herod
Hasmonean to Roman (2nd c. BCE–73 CE; Herodian peak) · Hasmonean Jewish → Herodian (Idumaean-Jewish client of Rome) → Sicarii → Roman legion → Byzantine monks
Herod's 440 m mesa fortress over Dead Sea — hanging palaces, desert cisterns and preserved Roman siege ramp.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Leilan Shubat-Enlil Palace
Old Babylonian · Shamshi-Adad / Shubat-Enlil
Tell Leilan Shubat-Enlil Palace at Hassakeh, Tell Leilan, Syria is a Old Babylonian ancient city of the Shamshi-Adad / Shubat-Enlil tradition, built c.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Huaca Rajada – Sipán (Royal Tombs of Sipán)
Early Intermediate Moche 100–700 CE (Sipán tombs 100–300 CE Early Moche, late tombs to 700) · Moche (Mochica, north coast of Peru)
Moche necropolis-platform complex (100–700 CE) with two adobe pyramids (Huaca Rajada 10 m and Huaca de la Raya) covering 10 elite tombs – crowning discovery of 1987 Lord of Sipán (Señor de Sipán,…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Great Derinkuyu Fortress Outer — Derinkuyu, Cappadocia (59-43)
Classical (regional) · Classical
Great Derinkuyu Fortress Outer — Derinkuyu, Cappadocia (59-43) at Derinkuyu, Cappadocia, Turkey is a Classical (regional) ancient city of the Classical tradition, built c.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Lower Rajasthan Necropolis A — Rajasthan, Jaipur (54-43)
Early Historic (regional) · Early Historic
Lower Rajasthan Necropolis A — Rajasthan, Jaipur (54-43) at Rajasthan, Jaipur, India is a Early Historic (regional) ancient city of the Early Historic tradition, built c.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Teopanzolco Pyramid Complex (Cuernavaca)
Late Postclassic (Tlahuica / Aztec) · Tlahuica / Aztec
Tlahuica twin-temple pyramid at Teopanzolco — 35×25 m double pyramid c.1200 CE with 11 nests; 2017 earthquake revealed hidden Tlaloc temple.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Royal Derinkuyu Reservoir Inner — Derinkuyu, Cappadocia (59-48)
Medieval (regional) · Medieval
Royal Derinkuyu Reservoir Inner — Derinkuyu, Cappadocia (59-48) at Derinkuyu, Cappadocia, Turkey is a Medieval (regional) ancient city of the Medieval tradition, built c.
🇺🇸 United States · Ancient city
Little Chaco Canyon Citadel Inner — Chaco Canyon (55-12)
Chalcolithic (regional) · Chalcolithic
Little Chaco Canyon Citadel Inner — Chaco Canyon (55-12) at Chaco Canyon, United States is a Chalcolithic (regional) ancient city of the Chalcolithic tradition, built c.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Marea Lake Port Mareotis Alexandria
Greco-Roman to Byzantine · Ptolemaic / Byzantine
Marea Lake Port Mareotis Alexandria at Marea, Lake Mareotis, Egypt is a Greco-Roman to Byzantine ancient city of the Ptolemaic / Byzantine tradition, built c.