🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Ouadane (Wadan)
Medieval to Early Modern (12th–19th c) · Berber (Sanhaja) / Arab / Almoravid
Almoravid twin-ksar 12th c on Adrar scarp with 13-m minaret and caravan cisterns 300 m.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Alishar Höyük
Chalcolithic to Iron Age to Medieval · Anatolian Halaf-Ubaid → EBA → Hittite → Phrygian
Large stratified tell (Chalcolithic c.4000 BCE to Phrygian/Medieval, peak EBA–Iron) controlling Kanak Su pass between Kültepe and Hattusa.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Ancient city
Dobrovody Trypillia Mega-Settlement
Chalcolithic (4100–3400 BCE, Cucuteni-Trypillia B Imid) · Cucuteni-Trypillia (Trypillia B1-B2)
Massive Cucuteni-Trypillia mega-settlement on the Tyasmyn basin, 250–260 ha, c.3800–3700 BCE (Trypillia BI–BI–II), with ca. 1,800 houses in concentric oval rings mapped by geomagnetic survey.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Mitla — North Palace Grecas Frieze (Oaxaca)
Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age urban
Mitla — North Palace Grecas Frieze (Oaxaca) in Oaxaca, Mitla, Mexico is a Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) ancient city attributed to Bronze Age u…
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
Los Guachimontones (Teuchitlán Tradition)
Late Formative–Early Classic Teuchitlán 350 BCE–400 CE · Teuchitlán tradition (Western Mexico)
Mesoamerica's only circular pyramids: nine concentric guachimontones with shaft tombs and Tequila volcano obsidian.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Zeugma
Hellenistic to Sassanid sack 252 CE · Seleucid → Roman → Parthian frontier
Twin Hellenistic foundation (Seleucia on Euphrates + Apamea opposite) bridging the Euphrates by Alexander's engineers, Roman legionary base and Parthian toll city (wealth from Euphrates crossing).
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Adab (Tell Bismaya)
Late Uruk to Old Babylonian (c.3300–1700 BCE; peak ED IIIa and Ur III 2600–2000 BCE) · Uruk → Jemdet Nasr → Early Dynastic → Akkadian → Ur III → Isin-Larsa
Pre-Sargonic scribal city of Ninhursag with earliest school tablets and ED drainage galleries.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Bosra — Nabatean Arch East Gate (Hawran)
Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age urban
Bosra — Nabatean Arch East Gate (Hawran) in Daraa, Bosra, Syria is a Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) ancient city attributed to Bronze Age urban.…
🇦🇲 Armenia · Ancient city
Erebuni Fortress
Urartian (782 BCE Argishti I) · Urartu
Domineering hill citadel (Arin Berd) whose cuneiform foundation stele says Argishti son of Menua built on empty land and brought 6,600 captives.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Jerablus Tahtani South — Euphrates Burned Level
EBA I–III to MBA (2900–1800 BCE) · EBA Syro-Euphrates (Kish-related) → MBA Carchemish
EBA fortified oval town 2400 BCE — tomb 21 elite & burn Level III (Peltenburg).
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Palmyra
Hellenistic to Roman (Palmyrene Empire interlude) · Aramaean Palmyrene → Roman
Desert oasis emporium on Silk Road (1st c. BCE–273 CE) — 'Bride of the Desert' — caravans of Queen Zenobia who challenged Rome (267–272 CE, sacked by Aurelian).
🇳🇵 Nepal · Ancient city
Tilaurakot-Kapilavastu Archaeological Site
Painted Grey Ware to Early Historic 900 BCE–200 CE · Shakya (Koliya confederacy)
Walled city (900 BCE–c.200 CE) identified by P.C. Mukherji (1899) as Kapilavastu — Shakya capital where Prince Siddhartha spent 29 years before Great Renunciation — 1.5×2 km walled enclosure with…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Ancient City of Little-Hunstanton
Middle Bronze Age (2100–1550 BCE) · Middle Bronze Age
Ancient City of Little-Hunstanton in Central Anatolia, Turkey is a Middle Bronze Age (2100–1550 BCE) ancient city attributed to Middle Bronze Age culture.
🇹🇿 Tanzania · Ancient city
Kilwa Kisiwani
Swahili Coast Medieval (9th–19th c; Sultanate peak 1100–1500) · Swahili (Bantu-Arab-Persian) / Shirazi dynasty / Portuguese interlude
Swahili stone-town entrepôt (9th–19th c) controlling Indian Ocean gold trade from Sofala and Great Zimbabwe: Gereza fortress (Portuguese 1505), Great Mosque (oldest sub-Saharan mosque 1131–1770…
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate in Deir ez-Zor, Dura-Europos, Syria is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age for…
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Konar Sandal North
Early–Middle Bronze (2700–2100 BCE) · Halil Rud (Jiroft)
Early–Middle Bronze (2700–2100 BCE) Halil Rud (Jiroft) ancient city at Kerman Province, Jiroft plain, Halil River – northern citadel mound of jiroft twin city (dims North mound 13 m high; city 400 ha together).
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Kotilingala — Satavahana Port
Early Historic (300 BCE–300 CE) · Satavahana
Kotilingala — Satavahana Port in Telangana, Karimnagar, Godavari, India is a Early Historic (300 BCE–300 CE) ancient city attributed to Satavahana culture.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Daimabad
Savalda → Late Harappan → Daimabad → Malwa → Jorwe 2300–1000 BCE · Late Harappan intrusive over Deccan Chalcolithic
Southernmost Harappan outpost (2200–1000 BCE) on Pravara River in Maharashtra, 20 ha mound famous for Daimabad hoard — four Late Harappan bronze sculptures (elephant, rhinoceros, chariot and bull,…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Thigibba Bure (Djebba) – Hilltop Sanctuary
Numidian to Byzantine (3rd c BCE – 7th c CE) · Numidian / Punic / Roman
Ridge refuge 540 m above Bagrada plain, Thigibba Bure preserves Punic walls, Roman sanctuary terrace, mausoleum, baths and Christian basilica with mosaics, amid fig orchards famed...
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Altıntepe
Urartian Kingdom 8th–6th century BCE (late empire western frontier) · Urartian → Median → Achaemenid
Argishti II's Euphrates citadel with pillared hall, subterranean passage and ivory tombs.
🇳🇪 Niger · Ancient city
Azelik Takedda Copper Smelting Field (Takedda Azelik)
Medieval Trans-Saharan (10th–15th c. CE) · Tuareg / Songhai / Sanhaja
Copper-mining metropolis visited by Ibn Battuta (1353) with 200 mine shafts.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Giricano Tepe
Middle Bronze to Iron (c.1800–600 BCE) · Mitanni → Middle Assyrian → Neo-Assyrian
Middle Bronze to Iron Age mound (160 m diameter, 12 m high) on the Upper Tigris, salvage west of the Batman–Tigris confl...
🇮🇶 Iraq · Pyramid
Ziggurat of Nimrud (Kalhu)
Neo-Assyrian (883–612 BCE imperial capital; ziggurat 883 BCE) · Assyrian (Neo-Assyrian)
Assyrian imperial second capital Kalhu/Nimrud (Assurnasirpal II 883–859 BCE): mudbrick ziggurat crowning citadel mound adjacent to Northwest Palace with famous Nimrud ivories, throne room and lamassu.
🇧🇩 Bangladesh · Temple complex
Halud Vihara — Naogaon
Early Medieval (8th–9th c. CE) · Pala Empire
Halud Vihara — Naogaon in Naogaon District, Rajshahi, Bangladesh is a Early Medieval (8th–9th c. CE) temple complex attributed to Pala Empire culture.