🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Old Town of Ghadames
Roman to Modern (19 BCE–present; medieval ksar 7th c CE onward) · Garamantine / Berber Ibadi / Arab / Ottoman
UNESCO saharan ksar Ghadames — whitewashed roof-terrace oasis fed by Ain Al Faras.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Fortress
Vilnius Lower Castle
Medieval–Renaissance Lithuania 1323–1655 (Gediminas → Vasa) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Gediminid–Jagiellonian–Vasa)
Vilnius Lower Castle (Valdovų rūmai) — stately Renaissance palace of Grand Dukes of Lithuania (Gediminas c.1323 foundation, 15th–17th c Renaissance florescence Sigismund Old–Vasa) at foot of…
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Ancient city
Vilnius Lower Castle and Cathedral Square
Middle Ages to Early Modern (13th–18th c. with 5th c. hillfort substratum) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania
Vilnius Lower Castle and Cathedral Square in Vilnius County, Vilnius Old Town, Gediminas Hill foot, Lithuania is a Middle Ages to Early Modern (13th–18th c. with 5th c.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Kunya-Urgench Ancient Town
Khwarezmshah to Golden Horde 995–1388 · Khwarezmshah / Seljuk / Golden Horde
Lost capital of Khwarezm in Amu Darya delta, flourishing 10th–14th c. with 60 m Kutlug Timur minaret tallest in Central Asia and Turabek Khanum mausoleum (1360s) with world's most complex girikh dome…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Historic Centre of Bukhara
Samanid to Shaybanid 9th–16th c (settled from 1st c CE) · Samanid / Qarakhanid / Shaybanid Islamic (Persian)
2000-year-old Silk Road oasis city preserved as intact medieval Islamic townscape with 140+ monuments.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Klazomenai Urla Buried Quarters
Submycenaean to Classical (1100–386 BCE) · Ionian Greek (Klazomenai)
Archaic olive-press metropolis 650 BCE — earliest olive mills & Klazomenian sarcophagi.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Submerged site
Quseir al-Qadim — Central Roman Warehouse Harbour
Late Ptolemaic to Late Roman (1st c. BCE – 400 CE) · Roman Egyptian / Nabataean / Indian Ocean merchants
Central Roman harbour of Quseir — warehouse basin at 0.8–2 m behind reef at Leukos Limen.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Anbar (town)
Anbar (Arabic: الأنبار, romanized: al-Anbār, Syriac: ܐܢܒܐܪ, romanized: Anbar) was an ancient and medieval town in central Iraq.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Old Oyo (Oyo-Ile)
Yoruba Oyo Empire (14th–1835 CE; capital 16th–1835) · Yoruba (Oyo)
Old Oyo (Oyo-Ile, Katunga) is the 16th–19th c. capital of Oyo Empire, 10 km triple earthen walls enclosing 6,000 ha savanna plain with 17 palace compounds (Kobi), council houses and reservoirs.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Old Dongola
Medieval Christian–Islamic Nubia (500–1317 CE; peak 800–12th c.) · Makuria (Christian Nubia) / Islamic
Old Dongola on Nile opposite Letti is Makuria Christian Nubia's capital 500–1317 CE, 45 ha walled town with colonnaded citadel, palace of Ioannes (11th c.) 28×18 m with frescoes, five churches…
🇹🇿 Tanzania · Ancient city
Stone Town of Zanzibar
Swahili to Omani and British (Swahili settlement 16th c; Omani capital 1832–1964) · Swahili / Omani Arab / Persian / Indian (Bohra) / British colonial
Swahili stone town capital of Omani Zanzibar sultanate (1832–1964), Stone Town preserves coral-stone labyrinth: House of Wonders (Beit al-Ajaib 1883 Persian-slave-built), Old Fort (Portuguese 1710),…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Idanre Hills — Oke Idanre Cultural Landscape
Late Ife to Yoruba Oyo-Benin (1100–1928) · Yoruba Idanre (Udane)
Idanre Hills (Oke Idanre) is the hilltop abandoned Yoruba city 680 m above sea on Inselberg 3 km N of Idanre town, occupied 11th–1928 c.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Hasankeyf
Assyrian to Ottoman (12th c. BCE–1920); peak Artukid–Ayyubid 12th–13th century · Assyrian → Roman → Byzantine → Artukid Kurdish → Ayyubid → Ottoman
Cliff-cut Tigris citadel with 10,000 caves, Artukid bridge and salvage-relocated Timurid tomb now under reservoir.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Leilan Lower Town South — Shubat-Enlil Annex
Ninevite 5 to Old Babylonian (3200–1728 BCE) Shamshi-Adad capital · Akkadian Shekhna→Amorite Shubat-Enlil (Shamshi-Adad I)
Tell Leilan Lower Town South — Shubat-Enlil Annex in Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria is a Ninevite 5 to Old Babylonian (3200–1728 BCE) Shamshi-Adad capital ancient-city attributed to Akkadian…
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Chagar Bazar — Khabur Ancient Town Extension
Halaf to Old Babylonian (6000–1600 BCE) · Halaf then Amorite Ashnakkum
Chagar Bazar — Khabur Ancient Town Extension in Al-Hasakah Governorate, Syria is a Halaf to Old Babylonian (6000–1600 BCE) tell attributed to Halaf then Amorite Ashnakkum.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Mardikh — Ebla Lower Town South
EBA I to Old Syrian (3500–1600 BCE; peak Eblaite Palace G 2400 BCE) · EBA Eblaite → Eblaite Syrian → Old Syrian (Yamhad)
Eblaite capital lower town 2400 BCE — 17k tablets south quarter & Temple of Rock.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Smyrna Temple of Athena — Bayraklı (Old Smyrna)
Geometric to Archaic (Old Smyrna) · Ionian Greek (Aiolian foundation)
Bayraklı 630 BCE hekatompedon Athena with Aeolic capitals, earliest Ionian temple on Old Smyrna 8th BCE walls.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
Antaeopolis (Qaw el-Kebir Temple Town)
Old Kingdom to Late Antique (2700 BCE–7th c. CE) · Egyptian (nome capital)
Nome capital Tjebu with Ptolemy IV temple 18-column pronaos on high tell.
🇲🇱 Mali · Temple complex
Gao – Tomb of Askia
Medieval Songhai (9th–17th c; peak Imperial 1464–1591) · Songhai / Tuareg (Songhai Empire)
Songhai Empire capital's 17 m pyramidal earthen tomb of Askia Mohammad I (1495) east-bank Niger assembly ground.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Hierakonpolis Enclosure (Kom el-Ahmar Town Wall)
Predynastic to Old Kingdom (3800–2686 BCE) · Egyptian (Predynastic–Early Dynastic)
Fortified Early Dynastic town wall enclosing palace and world's oldest brewery.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Tell
Tell Harmal
Old Babylonian (c.2000–1750 BCE; peak c.1800 BCE) · Isin-Larsa → Old Babylonian (Amorite-Eshnunna)
Best-preserved Old Babylonian planned town (2.25 ha, 150×150 m orthogonal walled) with twin temples (Šara, Bēlet-Agade), admin complex (3000 tablets including a...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Archaeological wonder
Muzawaka (Dakhleh Oasis)
Old Kingdom to Islamic (2300 BCE–19th c; peak Roman) · Ancient Egyptian / Roman-Egyptian / Islamic oasis
Western Desert 100-km oasis with Muzawaka painted zodiac tombs and Ain Asil Old Kingdom governor palace.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Akoris — Second Terrace Harbour at Tihna el-Gabal South (Nile Cliff South)
Old Kingdom to Byzantine (2700 BCE – 700 CE) · Pharaonic / Roman Egyptian
Southern terrace Nile harbour of Akoris at Tihna — 50 m quay revetment and tomb forecourt quay.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Ancient city
Elephantine Island
Predynastic to Medieval (3500 BCE–10th c CE; peak Old Kingdom and Persian-Jewish) · Ancient Egyptian / Jewish-Aramaic / Nubian
1.8-km cataract island with Khnum temples, nilometer 90 steps and Elephantine Aramaic Jewish papyri archive.