🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Mixco Viejo Alt
Early to Late Postclassic (1100 – 1524 CE) · Pocomam Maya
Mixco Viejo Alt in Chimaltenango, Guatemala is a Early to Late Postclassic (1100 – 1524 CE) ancient city attributed to Pocomam Maya culture.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Turaida
Livonian Crusade High Medieval 1214–16th c · Liv (Finnic) sacred hill → Livonian Order brick-gothic (German crusader)
Turaida (Treiden) — brick-gothic Livonian hillfort→castle (built 1214 by Bishop Albert of Riga, Livonian Brothers of Sword) in Gauja National Park, on Gauja River right bank opposite Krimulda, 4 km…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Dara (Anastasiopolis)
Late Roman–Byzantine (505 CE–1071 CE) · Eastern Roman (Byzantine) vs Sasanian Persian
Justinian border megafort with 3.5 km walls, earliest arch dam and 18 m deep rock-cut Great Cistern.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tel Lachish
Neolithic to Persian (c.5000–400 BCE; peak Judah fortress 900–586 BCE) · Canaanite → Judahite fortress → Assyrian → Persian
Tel Lachish is the great Judahite fortress-city (second after Jerusalem), famed for 701 BCE Sennacherib siege ramp — Assyrian reliefs at Nineveh show Lachish ba...
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Sheikh Hamad
Late Bronze to Neo-Assyrian (c.1400–600 BCE; provincial capital 900–600) · Mittani → Middle Assyrian → Neo-Assyrian provincial
Dur-Katlimmu on lower Khabur is largest Assyrian provincial centre (110 ha: 25-ha citadel + 85-ha walled lower town), Kühne excavations 1978–. Neo-Assyrian capi...
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Khorsabad (Dur-Sharrukin)
Neo-Assyrian (713–705 BCE construction and occupation only) · Assyrian
Short-lived Assyrian capital built 713–707 BCE by Sargon II as brand-new square city 1.628 km side with seven gates, 24 km walls, and palace on citadel.
🇮🇷 Iran · Tell
Baba Jan
Iron Age (c.800–600 BCE; Mannean–Median 750–600) · Mannean → Median → Neo-Assyrian sphere
Baba Jan in eastern Lorestan is a Mannean–Median fortified manor complex — Central and East Mounds with pillared halls, painted plaster and Iron II ceramics. Go...
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Yerkurgan
Hellenistic to Kushan (320 BCE–500 CE) · Seleucids to Kushans (Yuezhi)
Yerkurgan is a Hellenistic–Kushan city (30 ha) near Karshi with Kushan palace, Greek Corinthian capitals, and Buddhist temple on the Silk Road.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Tocra — Taucheira Hellenistic Fort Byzantium Bolli
Greek Archaic (510 BCE Battus II colonization) → Byzantine Justinian wall 530 CE · Greek Cyrene colonization Dorieus? Taucheira 510 BCE
Tocra Boardman 1950s Taucheira Greek 510.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Aroer
Iron to Hellenistic (c.900 BCE–100 CE; Moabite–Nabataean) · Moabite → Nabataean → Roman
Aroer (Khirbat Arair) guards the Arnon (Mujib) gorge crossing on King's Highway south of Dibon — Mesha Stele 'Aroer' taken from Gad. Fort with Iron Moabite cist...
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tell Gezer — Middle Bronze Glacis and Gate
Middle Bronze (2000–1550 BCE) glacis · Canaanite Gezer → Israelite → Philistine
Gezer excavated by Macalister 1902–09 and Dever 1964–, Amarna tablet city, Gezer Calendar found.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Huandacareo — La Nopalera
Postclassic Tarascan (1200–1528 CE) · Purépecha
Huandacareo — La Nopalera in Michoacán, Mexico is a Postclassic Tarascan (1200–1528 CE) ancient-city attributed to Purépecha.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Tell el-Umeiri — Ammonite Capital Hinterland
Early Bronze Age to Persian (3200–332 BCE) · Ammonite
Tell el-Umeiri — Ammonite Capital Hinterland in Amman Plateau, Jordan is a Early Bronze Age to Persian (3200–332 BCE) tell attributed to Ammonite.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Mixco Viejo
Classic · Maya/Andean
Mixco Viejo — fortified hilltop twin capital.
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tel Qashish — Jezreel Crossing
Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age (2000–600 BCE) · Canaanite / Israelite
Tel Qashish — Jezreel Crossing in Jezreel Valley, Israel is a Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age (2000–600 BCE) tell attributed to Canaanite / Israelite.
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Ancient city
Gobir (Al Kalawa) – Desert Capital Remains
Hausa–Gobir kingdom (c. 1450–1808 reform jihad; abandonment 1808) · Hausa-Gobir (king Bawa Jangwarzo, Yunfa vs Usman dan Fodio)
Final capital of animist Gobir kingdom at Al Kalawa, with 4.5 km desert mud walls and palace tell where Sultan Yunfa hosted then fought Usman dan Fodio before 1808 Sokoto jihad cap...
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Patnos / Aznavur Tepe
Urartian (810–730 BCE) · Urartian (Menua)
Urartian (810–730 BCE) fortress of Urartian (Menua) in Ağrı Province, Patnos Plain (c.800 BCE).
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Fortified city
Cổ Loa Citadel
Dong Son 3rd c BCE → Han 2nd c BCE → Ngo Quyen 938 CE · Dong Son Au Lac → Han → Dai Viet (Hanoi first capital)
Cổ Loa — spiral-walled citadel city (3rd c BCE–10th c CE) 17 km north Hanoi Old Quarter, excavated 1960s–2010s Nguyen Giang Hai (Vietnam Academy).
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Iximche Alt
Late Postclassic (1470 – 1524 CE) · Kaqchikel Maya
Iximche Alt in Chimaltenango, Guatemala is a Late Postclassic (1470 – 1524 CE) ancient city attributed to Kaqchikel Maya culture.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Kausambi (Ancient Kosambi)
Mahajanapada 600 BCE → Mauryan → Gupta 4th c CE · Vatsa Janapada → Mauryan → Sunga–Gupta (Middle Ganga)
Kausambi (Kosambi) — capital of Vatsa Mahajanapada (c.600 BCE–300 CE) on Yamuna 56 km SW Prayagraj, excavated 1949–56 by G.R. Sharma (Allahabad University).
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Fortified city
Kagara (Niger State) – Hill Fort Terraces
Niger–Benue hillfort tradition (c. 1300–1900 CE; peak 16th–18th c) · Gbagyi / Hausa (Kamberi hill peoples) / Fulani pressures
Inselberg hill fort above Kagara plain with laterite terraces 2 m high, boulder walls (2.1 km) and narrow cleft gates, iron smelting terraces and shrines of Gunnu hill peoples flee...
🇧🇩 Bangladesh · Ancient city
Pundranagara — East Rampart Gate (Mahasthangarh)
Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age urban
Pundranagara — East Rampart Gate (Mahasthangarh) in Rajshahi, Bogura, Mahasthangarh, Bangladesh is a Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) ancient city…
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Munbaqa
Early–Late Bronze Age (c.2400–1000 BCE) · Syrian Bronze Age (Ekalte)
Euphrates walled city 20 ha (2.5 km double wall, Ekalte Old Babylonian tablets) near Tabqa Lake.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Yayno — Huari Fortified City
Middle Horizon / Early Intermediate (400–800 CE) · Recuay / Wari influenced
Yayno — Huari Fortified City in Ancash Region, Peru is a Middle Horizon / Early Intermediate (400–800 CE) ancient-city attributed to Recuay / Wari influenced. Largest fort in Americas?