🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Uronarti Fort Island Nubia
Middle Kingdom · 12th Dynasty Egyptian
Uronarti Fort Island Nubia at Nubia, Uronarti Island, Sudan is a Middle Kingdom ancient city of the 12th Dynasty Egyptian tradition, built c.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Royal Eridu Hilltop South — Eridu (53-34)
Early Historic (regional) · Early Historic
Royal Eridu Hilltop South — Eridu (53-34) at Eridu, Iraq is a Early Historic (regional) ancient city of the Early Historic tradition, built c. 400 BCE for hilltop and associated settlement.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Askut Fort Island Supply Base
Middle Kingdom · 12th Dynasty Egyptian
Askut Fort Island Supply Base at Nubia, Askut Island, Sudan is a Middle Kingdom ancient city of the 12th Dynasty Egyptian tradition, built c. 1850 BCE for island fort-supply base 77×52 m.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Inner Meroe Terrace North — Meroe (53-27)
Chalcolithic (regional) · Chalcolithic
Inner Meroe Terrace North — Meroe (53-27) at Meroe, Sudan is a Chalcolithic (regional) ancient city of the Chalcolithic tradition, built c. 1800 BCE for terrace and associated settlement.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Northern Aleppo Citadel Inner — Aleppo (53-32)
Classical (regional) · Classical
Northern Aleppo Citadel Inner — Aleppo (53-32) at Aleppo, Syria is a Classical (regional) ancient city of the Classical tradition, built c. 2500 BCE for citadel and associated settlement.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Royal Aleppo Fortress South — Aleppo (53-25)
Classical (regional) · Classical
Royal Aleppo Fortress South — Aleppo (53-25) at Aleppo, Syria is a Classical (regional) ancient city of the Classical tradition, built c. 2500 BCE for fortress and associated settlement.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Altava (Ouled Mimoun) – Mauretanian Frontier
Roman to Vandal–Mauretanian Kingdom (1st c – 7th c CE) · Roman / Mauretanian–Berber kingdom of Altava
Most westerly Roman castrum in Algeria, Altava became 6th c Mauretanian kingdom capital of chieftain Masuna rex gentium Mauraorum, with Latin church inscriptions documenting Romano...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Temple complex
Kuntillet Ajrud
Iron Age IIB (single-period) · Kingdom of Israel/Judah (Israelite)
Desert Israelite fortress (c.800 BCE) with 'YHWH and his Asherah' inscriptions and Bes frescoes.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Sacsayhuamán — Muyucmarca Tower Base North (Cusco)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture; Inca
Sacsayhuamán — Muyucmarca Tower Base North (Cusco) in Cusco, Sacsayhuamán, Peru is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age…
🇰🇷 South Korea · Fortress
Ard Bury Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Ard Bury Fortress in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Porsuk Höyük — Zeyve Höyük (Ulukışla)
Middle Bronze to Byzantine (2000 BCE–1100 CE; peak LBA–Iron) · Hittite → Syro-Hittite → Phrygian → Neo-Assyrian → Hellenistic
Gates-fort of Cilicia — Hittite to Byzantine 12 ha casemate island tell.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Castellum Dimmidi
Roman Severan (198–238 CE) · Roman
Castellum Dimmidi (Messaad) is Rome's southernmost Algerian outpost, 350 km south of Algiers into true Sahara, a Severan isolated vexillation fort 40×40 m with corner bastions built 198 CE by Legio…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Van Fortress (Tushpa) — East Bastion
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Van Fortress (Tushpa) — East Bastion in Van, Van Fortress, Turkey is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortified cul…
🇲🇲 Myanmar · Fortress
Fortress of Pictograph Kala
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Fortress of Pictograph Kala in Magway Region, Myanmar is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) fortress attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Lehun
Iron to Nabataean (c.900 BCE–200 CE; peak Moab 900–600, Nabataean 100 BCE–100 CE) · Moabite → Nabataean → Roman
Lehun (Khirbat al-Lehun) is a Moabite hilltop fortress-citadel (1 ha) with casemate wall, extramural Iron II town (3 ha) and Nabataean temple platform on the Ke...
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Amberd Fortress — Aragats Slope Fort-Church- Bath Complex
Bagratid (7th c. church; 10th c. Vahram Paphlavuni castle 1026; Seljuk captured 1236) · Bagratid Pahlavuni princes (Vahram) with church 1026 and bath
Amberd excavated by Harutyunyan 1963–64, Pahlavuni family castle 1026.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Fortress
Ghozza — Eastern Desert Gold Mine and Fort
Ptolemaic to Roman (300 BCE–200 CE) · Ptolemaic Egyptian gold mining
Ghozza — Eastern Desert Gold Mine and Fort in Red Sea Governorate, Egypt is a Ptolemaic to Roman (300 BCE–200 CE) fortress attributed to Ptolemaic Egyptian gold mining.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Hillfort
Dunadd Fort — Kilmartin Glen
Iron Age to Early Medieval · Dal Riata Scots
Dunadd Fort — Kilmartin Glen in Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom is a Iron Age to Early Medieval hillfort attributed to Dal Riata Scots.
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Fortress
Dilberjin Tepe — Balkh Oasis Fortress
Achaemenid to Kushan (500 BCE–200 CE) · Bactrian then Kushan frontier
Dilberjin Tepe — Balkh Oasis Fortress in Balkh Province, Afghanistan is a Achaemenid to Kushan (500 BCE–200 CE) fortress attributed to Bactrian then Kushan frontier.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Archaeological wonder
Arbeia Roman Fort
Roman (160–400 CE) · Roman (Severan)
Arbeia Roman Fort in Tyne and Wear, North East England, United Kingdom is a Roman (160–400 CE) archaeological wonder attributed to Roman (Severan) culture.
🇱🇰 Sri Lanka · Archaeological wonder
Sigiriya (Lion Rock)
Moriyan Anuradhapura · Sinhala
5th-century rock fortress-palace of Kassapa I atop 180 m column, frescoed Mirror Wall, Lion Gate, with summit palace, hydraulic gardens and moat. Short-lived capital 477–495 CE.
🇬🇷 Greece · Fortress
Phyle Fortress — Parnes Foothills
Classical (404 BCE) · Athenian
Phyle Fortress — Parnes Foothills in Attica, Greece is a Classical (404 BCE) fortress attributed to Athenian.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Pyramid
La Quemada — Zacatecas Hill Fortress Ciudadela
Classic (500–900 CE Chalchihuites) · Chalchihuites (Epiclassic)
La Quemada excavated by Weigand 1970s, Tropic border fortress guarding turquoise road north.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Ad Maiores
Roman to Byzantine (104 CE–7th c. CE) · Roman
Trajanic desert camp 130×80 m anchoring Fossatum Negrine segment.