🇫🇷 France · Fortress
Argentomagus
The Roman city of Argentomagus was located in the Mersans plateau of central France, at the strategic point on the north bank of the river Creuse, where a Roman bridge once traversed.
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Citadel of Newfield Well
Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) · Early Bronze Age
Citadel of Newfield Well in Somerset, South West England, United Kingdom is a Early Bronze Age (3300–2100 BCE) fortress attributed to Early Bronze Age culture.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Fortress
Ard Bury Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Ard Bury Fortress in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Beçin Castle — Chapel North Wing (Milas)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Beçin Castle — Chapel North Wing (Milas) in Muğla, Milas, Beçin, Turkey is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortifi…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Fortress
Buhen Fortress — Buried Bastion North (Wadi Halfa, Sudan)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Buhen Fortress — Buried Bastion North (Wadi Halfa, Sudan) in Northern, Buhen, Sudan is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron…
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas) in Amazonas, Kuélap, Peru is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age f…
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Dura-Europos — Citadel North Tower Gate in Deir ez-Zor, Dura-Europos, Syria is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age for…
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Bukhara — Ark Citadel East Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Bukhara — Ark Citadel East Gate in Bukhara, Ark, Uzbekistan is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortified culture. …
🇰🇷 South Korea · Ancient city
Gongsanseong Fortress
Three Kingdoms Baekje (475–660 CE; Ungjin capital 475–538) · Baekje (Ungjin Period, King Munju to Seong)
Gongsanseong is the Baekje mountain–river fortress (475–538 CE, UNESCO) — 1.8-km walls (3.5 m high) on Gongsan hill with palace, pond, and Jumagru beacon above the Geum River.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Van Fortress (Tushpa) — East Bastion
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Van Fortress (Tushpa) — East Bastion in Van, Van Fortress, Turkey is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortified cul…
🇨🇾 Cyprus · Fortress
Citadel of Barrow Tall
Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) · Jōmon
Citadel of Barrow Tall in Paphos District, Cyprus is a Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) fortress attributed to Jōmon culture.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Fortress
Citadel of Narrow-Moat
Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) · Ancestral Pueblo
Citadel of Narrow-Moat in Piauí, Brazil is a Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) fortress attributed to Ancestral Pueblo culture.
🇲🇲 Myanmar · Fortress
Fortress of Pictograph Kala
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Fortress of Pictograph Kala in Magway Region, Myanmar is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) fortress attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Ancient city
Armavir (Argishtikhinili)
Urartian 776 BCE to Orontid Hellenistic (to 2nd c. BCE) · Urartu → Orontid Armenia → Hellenistic
Two citadels (D-A Mound): Argishti I fortress Argishtikhinili built atop Metsamor EB hill, rock-cut canal from Araxes still visible, later Hellenistic wall with Aramaic ostraca of Erivan, mythic…
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Citadel of Torr Workshop Midfield
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Citadel of Torr Workshop Midfield in Petén, Guatemala is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) fortress attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
High Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
High Fortress in Homs Governorate, Syria is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Anazarbus East Annex — Cilician Plain Citadel Extension
Roman to Armenian (100 BCE–1375 CE) · Roman Cilician then Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (Levon)
Anazarbus East Annex — Cilician Plain Citadel Extension in Adana Province, Turkey is a Roman to Armenian (100 BCE–1375 CE) fortress attributed to Roman Cilician then Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia…
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Fortress
Citadel of Eilean
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Eilean in Preah Vihear, Cambodia is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Pampa Grande Pyramid (Huaca Fortaleza)
Late Moche (Moche V, 600–750) · Moche (Late Moche Galindo-Pampa Grande)
Latest Moche capital Pampa Grande (600–750 CE): 38 m Huaca Fortaleza mudbrick pyramid (~290k m³) with hilltop fortress and 1200 workshops, final Moche mega-city.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Fortress
Trakai Island Castle
Medieval (1377–1430) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Gediminid)
The only surviving water castle in Eastern Europe, built on 2 ha island in Lake Galvė by Grand Dukes Kęstutis and Vytautas the Great (c.1377–1409) as fortified residence.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Lehun
Iron to Nabataean (c.900 BCE–200 CE; peak Moab 900–600, Nabataean 100 BCE–100 CE) · Moabite → Nabataean → Roman
Lehun (Khirbat al-Lehun) is a Moabite hilltop fortress-citadel (1 ha) with casemate wall, extramural Iron II town (3 ha) and Nabataean temple platform on the Ke...
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Koknese Castle
Medieval (1205–1701) · Latgalian then Livonian Order
Episcopal stone castle at Koknese island fortress at confluence of Daugava and Pērse (Latgalian hillfort predecessor Kukonoyse), founded 1205 by Bishop Albert after grant by King Vetseke of Koknese,…
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Horom Citadel
Late Bronze to medieval (c.1600 BCE – 1200 CE) · Trialeti–Van kingdom → Armenian medieval
65-ha hillfort on Gyumri–Yerevan highway with 13-m Cyclopean walls, Late Bronze chamber-tombs, Early Iron “Horom pottery” type site, Urartian re-occupation and Armenian 10th-century basilica.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Aizkraukle Castle
Aizkraukle Castle (Latvian: Aizkraukles pils; German: Ascheraden) is a ruined medieval castle, located on the right bank of the river Daugava in the Vidzeme region of Latvia, to the west of the…