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🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Neolithic (regional) · Neolithic
New Aleppo Settlement West — Aleppo (53-48) at Aleppo, Syria is a Neolithic (regional) ancient city of the Neolithic tradition, built c. 400 BCE for settlement and associated settlement.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Medieval (regional) · Medieval
Western Eridu Mound I — Eridu (53-37) at Eridu, Iraq is a Medieval (regional) ancient city of the Medieval tradition, built c. 1800 BCE for mound and associated settlement.
🇬🇭 Ghana · Fortress
Early Modern Atlantic (1482–1872 slave trade) · Portuguese / Dutch / Fante
Elmina Castle (São Jorge da Mina) 1482 Portuguese, oldest European building south of Sahara, UNESCO 1979 Forts and Castles of Volta 34. On Elmina peninsula rock.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
Rectangular eastern counterpart to Semna West across the 500 m Semna gorge, built to close the eastern channel and form a fortified river gateway with coupled gate signals.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Los Millares — Fort 1 (Almizaraque Sector) in Andalusia, Almería, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Spain is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attribut…
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Ubaid to Hellenistic (3500 BCE–200 BCE; peak Neo-Assyrian 856–610 BCE) · EBA → Mitanni → Syro-Hittite → Aramean Bit-Adini → Neo-Assyrian
Kar-Shalmaneser lower town 856 BCE — Aramean to Assyrian glazed palace.
🇮🇷 Iran · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Bampur — Citadel North Bastion (Sistan) in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iranshahr, Bampur, Iran is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed …
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Maiden Castle — Inner Rampart East Gate in England, Dorset, Dorchester, United Kingdom is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to I…
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Late Horizon Inca Resistance 1536–1572 · Inca (Neo-Inca State)
Inca Vilcabamba resistance capital: Rosaspata palace, Yurak Rumi 2.5 m white shrine and Ñusta Hispana.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Ancient city
Urartian (782 BCE Argishti I) · Urartu
Domineering hill citadel (Arin Berd) whose cuneiform foundation stele says Argishti son of Menua built on empty land and brought 6,600 captives.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Archaeological wonder
Neo-Hittite / Iron Age (c.720–680 BCE) · Neo-Hittite (Adanawa Quwe) / Phoenician
Neo-Hittite fortified retreat of Azatiwada (late 8th c BCE) on Ceyhan River, Karatepe-Aslantaş preserves two gated circuits with 30+ basalt orthostats showing Late Hittite–Phoenician bilingual…
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Aoudaghost (c. 500–1400 CE; Berber–Ghanaian citadel) · Berber (Sanhaja) / Soninke Ghanaian conquest 1055
Berber ksar on Aoukar dune edge, Aoudaghost West preserves citadel, mosque and cavern granaries that stored caravan millet, described by al-Bakri and Ibn Hawqal; Ghana 1055 seizure...
🇪🇬 Egypt · Tell
Hyksos to Ptolemaic (1720 BCE – 73 CE) · Hyksos / Egyptian / Ptolemaic Jewish (Onias)
Northern spur of the classic double-tell of Yahudiya, with Hyksos rampart extension and Onias-period Jewish cemetery north of the temple platform where Petrie found inverted pots a...
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Fortress of Kurgan Ton in Catamarca, Argentina is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇨🇱 Chile · Megalith
Late Intermediate–Late Horizon 1300–1540 CE · Atacameño (Likan Antai)
Atacameño clifftop fortress above Rio Grande with 4 km walls and 1540 Spanish battle site.
🇨🇱 Chile · Rock art
Archaic to Late Intermediate 5000 BCE–1500 CE · Chango-Chinchorro maritime
Coastal Changos maritime promise rock art and 4 m shell mounds on Atacama sea cliff, 5000 BCE–1500 CE.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Citadel of Henthorn in Andalusia, Spain is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Panel Golden Fortress in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇨🇱 Chile · Fortress
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Moor in Coquimbo, Chile is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Fortress of Long Kala in Petén, Guatemala is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇴🇲 Oman · Fortress
Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Dock Fortress in Dhofar, Oman is a Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) fortress attributed to Chalcolithic culture.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Numidian to Byzantine (2nd c. BCE–7th c. CE) · Numidian / Roman / Byzantine
High-plateau Jugurthine citadel (1,017 m) with Byzantine pentagon fort.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Roman (198–260 CE) · Roman (Numidia, Severan frontier)
Southernmost Roman desert burgus near El Hadjira with Palmyrene ostraca.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Hellenistic to Kushan (300 BCE–200 CE) Alexander crossing? · Graeco-Bactrian frontier
Kampyr Tepe — Oxus Fort in Surkhandarya Province, Uzbekistan is a Hellenistic to Kushan (300 BCE–200 CE) Alexander crossing? fortress attributed to Graeco-Bactrian frontier.
