🇵🇹 Portugal · Cave
Pen Rig Mere Grotto
Andean Formative (1800–200 BCE) · Andean Formative
Pen Rig Mere Grotto in Alentejo, Portugal is a Andean Formative (1800–200 BCE) cave attributed to Andean Formative culture.
🇮🇱 Israel · Cave
Tabun Cave
Lower to Middle Palaeolithic (c.500,000–40,000 BP) · Acheuleo-Yabrudian → Mousterian (Neanderthal)
Mount Carmel UNESCO cave (500–40 ka, 25 m sequence, Neanderthal Yabrudian–Mousterian, Garrod/Jelinek).
🇮🇷 Iran · Cave
Ghar-e Boof
Middle Palaeolithic to Epipalaeolithic (c.80,000–15,000 BP) · Zagros Mousterian → Baradostian → Zarzian
Dasht-e Boof Palaeolithic shelter 2 m (80–15 ka, Neanderthal parietal, Zarzian microliths) at 1350 m.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Cave
Rig Ach Grotto
Mississippian (800–1600 CE) · Mississippian
Rig Ach Grotto in Tassili n'Ajjer, Algeria is a Mississippian (800–1600 CE) cave attributed to Mississippian culture.
🇰🇷 South Korea · Cave
Harbor Grimston Grotto
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Harbor Grimston Grotto in Gyeongsangbuk-do, South Korea is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) cave attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇮🇷 Iran · Cave
Kunji Cave
Middle to Upper Palaeolithic (c.70,000–30,000 BP) · Zagros Mousterian → Baradostian
Lorestan cave 8 m deposits (70–30 ka, Mousterian→Baradostian, Neanderthal→UP) near Khorramabad.
🇨🇱 Chile · Cave
Mound Cave
Mississippian (800–1600 CE) · Mississippian
Mound Cave in Coquimbo, Chile is a Mississippian (800–1600 CE) cave attributed to Mississippian culture.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Cave
Hillfort Cave
Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) · Ubaid
Hillfort Cave in Aswan Governorate, Egypt is a Ubaid (6500–3800 BCE) cave attributed to Ubaid culture.
🇱🇾 Libya · Rock shelter
Uan Muhuggiag Mummy Shelter — Acacus Dune Cave
Pastoral with Uan Muhuggiag mummy (5600 BCE oldest Africa embalmed) — shelter Late Acacus · Acacus Late Acacus hunter-pastoral
Muhuggiag excavated by Mori 1958, 7500 BCE hunter layers and 5600 BCE embalmed infant.
🇱🇾 Libya · Rock shelter
Tadrat Acacus — Ti-n-Torha East Shelter Pastoral
Acacus pastoral (7000–2000 BCE) radiocarboned · Acacus pastoral (Early Pastoral 6300–5400 BCE)
Acacus Ti-n-Torha excavated by Mori & Barich 1980s, 16k Acacus rock art site UNESCO.
🇮🇱 Israel · Cave
Nahal Mishmar — Treasure Cave
Chalcolithic (3500 BCE) · Ghassulian
Nahal Mishmar — Treasure Cave in Judean Desert, Dead Sea cliffs, Israel is a Chalcolithic (3500 BCE) cave attributed to Ghassulian culture.
🇧🇬 Bulgaria · Cave
Kozarnika Cave
Early to Late Pleistocene · Oldowan / Mousterian / Kozarnikian
Palaeolithic cave in northwest Bulgaria with 1.6 million year sequence, yielding Early Pleistocene lithics, Homo erectus remains, Middle Palaeolithic layers and Upper Palaeolithic Kozarnikian…
🇹🇭 Thailand · Rock art
Phu Phra Bat Historical Park — Sima Stone Tradition
Prehistoric to Dvaravati (7th–13th c.) to Lan Xang · Khorat Bronze to Dvaravati Mon–Khmer Buddhist; Khmer Angkor influence
Udon Thani mushroom boulders with 3000 BCE cattle paintings and 68 Dvaravati Sīma stones 7th–9th c., UNESCO 1507.
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Cave
Laang Spean Cave Battambang
Middle Paleolithic 70k → Hoabinhian 18k–3000 BP → Neolithic 6400 BCE pottery · Hoabinhian Cardamom — Laang Spean cave foragers (Battambang)
Laang Spean Cave Battambang — Hoabinhian masterpiece cave (70,000–550 BP, Hoabinhian main 18,000–3000 BP) at Phnom Laang Spean limestone hill 45 km NW Battambang, excavated 1964–75 by R. & C.
🇺🇸 United States · Rock art
White Shaman Panel — Lower Pecos
Middle to Late Archaic (3000–2000 BCE) · Lower Pecos hunter-foragers (related to Coahuiltecan)
Texas Lower Pecos 7.6-m shaman-antlered polychrome 3000–2000 BCE, Pecos style type.
🇺🇸 United States · Cave
Lovelock Cave
Lovelock Culture (2500 BCE – 1830 CE) · Lovelock / Paiute-Shoshone
Lovelock Cave in Nevada, United States is a Lovelock Culture (2500 BCE – 1830 CE) cave attributed to Lovelock / Paiute-Shoshone culture.
🇨🇦 Canada · Cave
Bluefish Caves
Late Pleistocene (24,000 – 12,000 BP) · Beringian Paleo-Indian
Bluefish Caves in Yukon, Canada is a Late Pleistocene (24,000 – 12,000 BP) cave attributed to Beringian Paleo-Indian culture.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Cave
Klasies River Caves — Middle Stone Age Shelter
Middle Stone Age (120–55 ka) · Early Homo sapiens (MSA I–Howiesons Poort)
Klasies River Main site (KRM) is 5 caves/shelters on Tsitsikamma coast (34°06′29″S 24°23′24″E) with 120–55 ka MSA deposits containing anatomically modern human fossils (KRM 13400 mandible 115 ka),…
🇿🇦 South Africa · Cave
Wonderwerk Cave — Acheulean to Later Stone Age
Early Stone Age to Later Stone Age (2 Ma–14 ka) · Oldowan → Acheulean → MSA → LSA (Homo erectus to sapiens)
Wonderwerk Cave is the 140 m phreatic tube on Kuruman Hills with 2 Ma to 14 ka stratigraphy spanning Oldowan to Late Stone Age and earliest fire (1 Ma ash, burnt bone).
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Cave
Kala Town Grotto
Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) · Ancestral Pueblo
Kala Town Grotto in Northern Tigray, Ethiopia is a Ancestral Pueblo (900–1350 CE) cave attributed to Ancestral Pueblo culture.
🇨🇱 Chile · Cave
Sanctuary-Wall Grotto
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Sanctuary-Wall Grotto in Coquimbo, Chile is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) cave attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Cave
Sura-Hillfort Grotto
Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) · Jōmon
Sura-Hillfort Grotto in Kairouan Governorate, Tunisia is a Jōmon (14000–300 BCE) cave attributed to Jōmon culture.
🇸🇦 Saudi Arabia · Cave
Workshop Earthwork Cave
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Workshop Earthwork Cave in Asir Province, Saudi Arabia is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) cave attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Cave
Southfield Grove Grotto
Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) · Iron Age
Southfield Grove Grotto in Northern Tigray, Ethiopia is a Iron Age (1200 BCE–500 CE) cave attributed to Iron Age culture.