🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Mixco Viejo
Classic · Maya/Andean
Mixco Viejo — fortified hilltop twin capital.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Gaza Road Ridge — Saharonim Spur Tower
Nabataean–Roman (50 BCE–300 CE) · Nabataean
Gaza Road Ridge — Saharonim Spur Tower in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean–Roman (50 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Nabataean.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Lambaesis Legionary Camp (Tazoult)
Roman (81 CE – 5th c CE; legionary base 123–238 CE) · Roman (Legio III Augusta)
Africa's largest legionary fortress, Lambaesis housed 6,000 men of III Augusta with principia, baths, amphitheatre, aqueduct and arch of Commodus. Headquarters shrine and numerus i...
🇹🇯 Tajikistan · Fortress
Chilhudzhra
Sogdian 5th–8th c → Samanid–Karakhanid 10th–13th c · Sogdian → Samanid Islamic (Zeravshan valley)
Chilhudzhra (Fortress of Forty Daughters) — Sogdian–Islamic mountain fortress (5th–13th c CE) 60 km east Panjakent, Zeravshan valley Fann foothills, excavated 1960s–80s Negmatov and Pulatov.
🇹🇯 Tajikistan · Fortress
Hulbuk
Samanid 9th c → Ghaznavid–Karakhanid 10th–12th c · Banijurid–Ghaznavid Islamic (Khatlon)
Hulbuk (Qalai Hulbuk) — Islamic palace-fortress (9th–12th c CE) 26 km west Kulob, Khatlon Yakhsu plain, excavated 1953–2010s Yakubov and Akhunov (Tajik Academy).
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Danebury Hillfort — Outer Entrance Hornwork
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Danebury Hillfort — Outer Entrance Hornwork in England, Hampshire, Stockbridge, United Kingdom is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attribu…
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Fortress
Kot Diji — Citadel East Rampart
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Kot Diji — Citadel East Rampart in Sindh, Khairpur, Kot Diji, Pakistan is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age fortifie…
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Citadel of Garh Strath
Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) · Chalcolithic
Citadel of Garh Strath in Homs Governorate, Syria is a Chalcolithic (4500–3300 BCE) fortress attributed to Chalcolithic culture.
🇮🇪 Ireland · Fortress
Shallow Fortress
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Shallow Fortress in County Kerry, Ireland is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Paramonga — Fortaleza de Paramonga Stair-Pyramid Border Fort
Chimú (1100–1470 CE border fortress 30 m high pyramidal fortress) later Inca 1470 reused · Chimú border fort vs Chancay/Inca; Inca reused as border 1470
Paramonga fort excavated by Cieza and Middendorf.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
En Hazeva — Nabataean–Roman Road Station Annex
Nabataean–Roman (100 BCE–300 CE) · Nabataean then Roman (Petra–Gaza road)
En Hazeva — Nabataean–Roman Road Station Annex in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean–Roman (100 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Nabataean then Roman (Petra–Gaza road).
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Fortress
Koy-Krylgan Kala — Khorezm Fortress
Achaemenid to Kushan (400 BCE–400 CE) Khorezm · Khorezmian
Koy-Krylgan Kala — Khorezm Fortress in Karakalpakstan, Uzbekistan is a Achaemenid to Kushan (400 BCE–400 CE) Khorezm fortress attributed to Khorezmian.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Hazeva Fort — Arava Fortress Line
Iron Age II to Roman (900 BCE–300 CE) · Judahite then Nabataean–Roman
Hazeva Fort — Arava Fortress Line in Southern District, Israel is a Iron Age II to Roman (900 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Judahite then Nabataean–Roman.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Yotvata Fort — Yaqush Samra Ravine Fort
Iron Age II (900–600 BCE) Egyptian–Israelite frontier · Edomite/ Israelite desert frontier
Yotvata Fort — Yaqush Samra Ravine Fort in Southern District, Israel is a Iron Age II (900–600 BCE) Egyptian–Israelite frontier fortress attributed to Edomite/ Israelite desert frontier.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Ayani Fortress — Lake Van Urartu
Urartian (685–653 BCE Rusa II) · Urartian (Rusa II of Ayani)
Ayani Fortress — Lake Van Urartu in Van Province, Turkey is a Urartian (685–653 BCE Rusa II) fortress attributed to Urartian (Rusa II of Ayani).
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Pevensey Roman Fort
Roman (290–400 CE) · Roman (Saxon Shore)
Pevensey Roman Fort in East Sussex, South Coast, United Kingdom is a Roman (290–400 CE) fortress attributed to Roman (Saxon Shore) culture.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Huari Castle — Huari Province? (Actually Markansaya?)
Early Intermediate (1–600 CE) · Recuay / Huaraz
Huari Castle — Huari Province? (Actually Markansaya?) in Ancash Region, Peru is a Early Intermediate (1–600 CE) fortress attributed to Recuay / Huaraz.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Moa — Nabataean Arava Fort
Nabataean (100 BCE–106 CE Petra) · Nabataean
Moa — Nabataean Arava Fort in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean (100 BCE–106 CE Petra) fortress attributed to Nabataean. Arava Nabataean fort 60 × 35 m with corner towers at Nahal Moa pass.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Oryanda — Lycian Highland Fortress
Lycian (500–200 BCE) · Lycian
Oryanda — Lycian Highland Fortress in Antalya Province, Turkey is a Lycian (500–200 BCE) fortress attributed to Lycian. Fortified highland city 1200 m with Lycian towered walls and terrace settlement.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Akcali — Lycian Fortified Village
Lycian (500 BCE) · Lycian
Akcali — Lycian Fortified Village in Antalya Province, Turkey is a Lycian (500 BCE) fortress attributed to Lycian. Village with circuit wall and church later on Akcali hill.
🇮🇷 Iran · Fortress
Bastam — Urartian Fortress
Urartian (685–612 BCE Rusa II) · Urartian Kingdom
Bastam — Urartian Fortress in West Azerbaijan Province, Iran is a Urartian (685–612 BCE Rusa II) fortress attributed to Urartian Kingdom.