🇧🇩 Bangladesh · Ancient city
Bhitargarh Fortified City
Gupta to Pala–Sena (450–1200 CE) · Gupta to Pala–Sena (Varendra)
Largest Bangladeshi walled city—120 ha, 4 concentric ramparts (6 km outer), 5th–12th c Gupta–Pala–Sena.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Fortified city
Cổ Loa Citadel
Dong Son 3rd c BCE → Han 2nd c BCE → Ngo Quyen 938 CE · Dong Son Au Lac → Han → Dai Viet (Hanoi first capital)
Cổ Loa — spiral-walled citadel city (3rd c BCE–10th c CE) 17 km north Hanoi Old Quarter, excavated 1960s–2010s Nguyen Giang Hai (Vietnam Academy).
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Tenam Puente Maya City
Classic to Early Postclassic (300–1200 CE, walls 900–1200) · Maya (Tojolabal / highland Chiapas)
Fortified Late Classic–Postclassic Maya capital (300–1200 CE, fortification 900–1200) crowning limestone hilltop 250 m above Comitán valley: 60+ structures, walled core (60 ha) with 4.5-m-thick…
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Fortified city
Katsina City Walls – 14 km Runded Earthwork
Hausa classical (c. 1100–1807 CE; Ganuwa built 13th–14th c) · Hausa (Katsina scholarly centre)
Seven-gate 14 km mud rampart enclosing 405 ha Hausa scholarly city of Gobarau minaret (14th c mudbrick tower 15 m, oldest multi-storey mud in West Africa), manuscript libraries and...