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CategoriesFortresses
Walls, citadels and hill forts.
Mandatory Palestine · Fortress
Jiddin (Arabic: جدين), also known as the Jiddin Fortress (Arabic: قلعة جدين, romanized: Qalʾat Jiddīn) or Khirbet Jiddin (Arabic: خربة جدين, lit.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Fortress
The Dome of the Rock (Arabic: قبة الصخرة, romanized: Qubbat aṣ-Ṣaḫra) is an octagonal Islamic shrine at the center of the Al-Aqsa mosque compound on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem.
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Beit She'an (Hebrew: בֵּית שְׁאָן ), also known as Beisan (Arabic: بيسان ), or Beth-shean, is a city in the Northern District of Israel.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Fortress
The Citadel of Erbil (Kurdish: قەڵای هەولێر Qelay Hewlêr, Arabic: قلعة اربيل, romanized: Qal'at Erbīl), locally called Qellat, is a tell or occupied mound, and the historical city centre of Erbil in…
🇷🇸 Serbia · Fortress
The Belgrade Fortress (Serbian: Београдска тврђава, Beogradska tvrđava, Hungarian: Nándorfehérvár) is a cultural monument in Belgrade, Serbia in the municipality of Stari Grad.
🇰🇵 North Korea · Fortress
Jŏngbang Castle (Korean: 정방산성) is a Koguryo-era mountain fortress located outside Sariwŏn, North Hwanghae Province, North Korea. Cresting the ridges of Mt.
🇷🇴 Romania · Fortress
Built in murus dacicus style, the six Dacian Fortresses of the Orăștie Mountains (Romanian: Cetăți dacice din Munții Orăștiei), in Romania, were created in the 1st centuries BC and AD as protection…
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Artashat (Armenian: Արտաշատ), Hellenized as Artaxata (Ancient Greek: Ἀρτάξατα) and Artaxiasata (Ἀρταξιάσατα), was a major city and commercial center of ancient Armenia that served as the capital of…
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Late Intermediate – Inca (c.1100–1532 CE) · Kana – Colla – Wari – Inca
Waqrapukara (Quechua waqra horn + pukara fortress) is a spectacular condor-shaped citadel perched at 4,110 m on the Apurímac canyon rim near Pomacanchi, Cusco.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Postclassic (c.1200–1519 CE) Totonac – Aztec contested · Totonac
Quiahuiztlan crowns the dramatic Cerro del Bernal ridge above Villa Rica–La Antigua, north of Veracruz city.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
The castle of Bullas is a castle located in Peña Rubia de Cehegín, Bullas, Murcia. Of muslim origin, it was built between the XII and XIII centuries, before the Castillian conquest.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Hillfort
Late Iron Age Selian 9th–13th c Selonia (Baltic) Livonian horizon · Selian Baltic (Sēļi) — Selonia tribe between Latgals and Semigals
Sēlpils (Selburg, Selian *Sēlija*) — Selian tribal hillfort (Late Iron Age 9th–13th c, Livonian 1208 burning, Order stone castle 1373) on Daugava right bank 15 km south Jēkabpils opposite Staburags…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Hellenistic to medieval (c.100 BCE–1375 CE) · Cappadocian → Roman → Byzantine → Armenian → Mamluk
Cilician metropolis beneath triple-ward Armenian castle on limestone ridge with stadium and triumphal arch.
🇮🇹 Italy · Fortress
The Castello di Punta Pagana is a 17th-century fort located on the homonymous Punta Pagana, within the grounds of Villa Pagana in Rapallo, within the Metropolitan City of Genoa in Italy.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Argištiḫinili (Urartian: ar-gi-iš-ti-ḫi-ni-li) was a town in the ancient kingdom of Urartu, established during the expansion of the Urartians in the Transcaucasus under their king Argishti I, and…
🇸🇰 Slovakia · Fortress
Early Medieval Great Moravian frontier 800–950 (830–900 peak) · Great Moravian Slav frontier elite (Mojmirid) + Carolingian Frankish
Bojná-Valy — Great Moravian frontier stronghold system (c.800–950, peak 830–900) at Považský Inovec foothills above Bojňanka stream, comprising Valy 12 ha fort, Bojná I–III forts covering 20 ha, 3…
🇩🇪 Germany · Fortress
Early Medieval Slavic 900–1180 (Circipanian Obotrite lake island) · Slavic Circipanian (Obotrite confederacy Tollense lake island)
Behren-Lübchin — Slavic lake island fortress (9th–12th c, Feldberg–Fresendorf phase, peak 10th–12th c Circipanian) on Großer See lake island 12 km southeast Teterow, Mecklenburg Tollense–Peene lake…
🇩🇰 Denmark · Fortress
High–Late Medieval Bornholm 1259–1658 (Lund Archbishop Danish struggle) · Medieval Bornholm (Lund Archbishop vs Danish crown, Hammershus feud 1259)
Hammershus — largest medieval fortress ruin in Scandinavia (c.1259 Archbishop Jacob Erlandsen, Lund–Danish struggle 13th c) on Hammeren granite promontory 74 m a.s.l.
🇵🇹 Portugal · Fortress
The Convent of Christ of Tomar (Portuguese: Convento de Cristo de Tomar), also called Convent of Christ (Convento de Cristo) or Monastery of Christ (Mosteiro de Cristo), is a former Catholic convent…
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Early Bronze through Iron Age and Byzantine (c.3500 BCE–600 CE); LB–Iron I–II Judahite fortress 8th–6th c. BCE · EBA–LB Canaanite → Judahite fortress (Hezekiah–Zedekiah) → Babylonian destruction → Persian–Byzantine
Judahite Shfela fortress (18 ha) with Sennacherib 701 BCE and 588 BCE Babylonian destructions — Lachish letter Azekah (Iron II).
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Early Bronze to Iron Age (c. 2500 – 1200 BCE) · Amorite / Mitanni / Egyptian / Hittite / Sea Peoples
Orontes ford harbour of Ramses vs Hittites – quay 30 m silted 200 m east of battle tell.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty–New Kingdom · Ancient Egyptian (fortified settlement)
Greatest of Middle Kingdom Nubian forts, originally named Iken, built by Senusret III at narrow Second Cataract gorge on west bank, comprising a massive outer fortress enclosing harbour and an inner…
🇧🇴 Bolivia · Fortress
Chanè to Inca (1000 – 1500 CE) · Chanè / Inca / Guaraní
El Fuerte de Samaipata in Santa Cruz, Bolivia is a Chanè to Inca (1000 – 1500 CE) fortress attributed to Chanè / Inca / Guaraní culture. UNESCO 1998.
🇩🇪 Germany · Fortress
The Baroque fortifications in the Black Forest (German: Barocke Verteidigungsanlagen im Schwarzwald), also called Baroque Schanzen (Barockschanzen) or Black Forest lines (Schwarzwaldlinien), are…
