🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Tavium (Büyükkale / Büyüknefes)
Bronze Age to Byzantine · Hattian/Hittite → Phrygian → Galatian Celtic → Roman
Galatian Trocmi capital at Büyüknefes with Hellenistic walls, Roman avenue and Bryaxis Zeus emporion.
🇧🇷 Brazil · Buried city
Marajoara – Mound Complex of Marajó Island, Pará (Hypothetical Urbanism)
Marajoara Phase (800–1400 CE) Amazonian Polychrome · Marajoara / Aruã / Ananatuba
Amazon mouth tesos 12 m high with 3 km causeways at +1 m (800–1400 CE) — continental city 40,000 vs chiefdom 10,000 debated.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Pashash
Early Intermediate – Middle Horizon (c.200 BCE–800 CE) Recuay – Wari · Recuay (Pashash) – Wari
Pashash crowns a defensible mesa above Cabana in the northern Callejón, Ancash, at 3,225 m. As the,type-capital of the Recuay-Pashash culture (200 BCE–800 CE), its stone palace-fortress encloses…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Kolophon — Ancient Ionian City
Geometric to Hellenistic (1100–133 BCE) · Ionian Greek (Kolophonian)
Ionian interior capital 12-city league famed for cavalry and Claros oracle mother city.
🇹🇭 Thailand · Ancient city
Khao Sam Kaeo Chumphon
Iron Age 4th c BCE–2nd c CE early historic port · Kra isthmus Iron Age port — Thai–Indian–Han–Silla crossroads
Khao Sam Kaeo Chumphon — Iron Age trans-Asian port (4th c BCE–2nd c CE) on Khao Sam Kaeo hill at Thai Kra Isthmus 5 km Gulf of Thailand 5 km from Chumphon, excavated 1991–2007 by B. Bellina–P.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Peralta
Epiclassic (c.300–900 CE) Bajío – El Bajío Tradition · Bajío (Tierra Blanca) tradition
Peralta (Tierra Blanca) dominates the Bajío wetlands of southern Guanajuato at 1,710 m as the largest Epiclassic city of the Bajío (300–900 CE).
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Alta Vista Chalchihuites
Classic – Epiclassic (c.400–850 CE) Chalchihuites – Coyotlatelco frontier · Chalchihuites – Canutillo / Teuchitlán-related frontier
Alta Vista Chalchihuites in northern Zacatecas is Mesoamerica's far-northern Venus frontier town at 2,190 m on the Tropic of Cancer.
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Ancient city
Anau
Anau IA–II (Namazga I–II) 4500–3000 BCE → Bronze → Iron → Sejuk · Jeitun–Anau → Namazga → Bronze Age BMAC → Iranian
Oasis-town pair (c.4500 BCE–1000 CE) on the Kopet Dag fan near Ashgabat — Anau North (Chalcolithic Anau IA–II, 4500–3000 BCE) and Anau South (Bronze–Iron Age 2000 BCE–Islamic) twin mounds excavated…
🇳🇴 Norway · Ancient city
Kaupang Viking Town — Skiringssal, Vestfold
Viking Age (early, c.800–980 CE) · Viking Norse (Yngling/Danish sphere)
Kaupang in Skiringssal (c.800–930 CE) was Norway's first urban trading center, a 54-hectare seasonal and permanent emporium on the sheltered Viksfjord beach at the head of the Skagerrak.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Musti (Mustis)
Punic to Late Antiquity (4th c BCE–7th c CE; peak 2nd–3rd c CE) · Punic-Numidian / Roman / Byzantine
15-ha Punic–Numidian to Roman colonia on Carthage–Theveste road with three arches and Byzantine fortress.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Adam
Vidarbha Iron Age 800–300 BCE → Maurya 300–187 → Satavahana 187 BCE–220 CE → Vakataka 250–300 CE · Vidarbha megalithic–Iron (Black-and-red) → Satavahana
Vidarbha Iron Age iron-smelting town (800 BCE–300 CE) near Nagpur — earliest tuyere smelting and Indo-Roman rouletted ware with 22 coin hoards.
🇰🇭 Cambodia · Temple complex
Banteay Chhmar Temple
Angkorian Bayon period 1181–1218 CE (Mahayana Buddhist imperial) · Khmer (Angkorian Mahayana Buddhist)
Vast Jayavarman VII Buddhist–Hindu temple city (c.1181–1218 CE) in Banteay Meanchey — 9 km² walled complex (outer laterite wall 1.9×1.7 km) enclosing 4.6 ha central temple with enigmatic Bayon-style…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Hadrumetum (Sousse)
Phoenician to Ottoman (1100 BCE–16th c; peak 2nd–4th c) · Phoenician / Punic / Roman / Early Christian / Islamic
Phoenician-tradition colonia under Sousse medina with 5.5 km catacombs, Virgil mosaic and Byzantine kasbah.
🇿🇦 South Africa · Ancient city
Mapungubwe Hill Summit Enclosure South Annex — Western Terrace
Medieval (1075-1220 CE) · Mapungubwe
Mapungubwe Hill Summit Enclosure South Annex — Western Terrace in Limpopo, Musina, South Africa is a Medieval (1075-1220 CE) ancient city attributed to Mapungubwe.
🇲🇷 Mauritania · Ancient city
Koumbi Saleh Market Enclosure East Wall Annex
Medieval (800-1200 CE) · Ghana Empire
Koumbi Saleh Market Enclosure East Wall Annex in Hodh Ech Chargui, Nema, Mauritania is a Medieval (800-1200 CE) ancient city attributed to Ghana Empire.
🇪🇸 Spain · Ancient city
Los Millares Bastion South Gate — Northern Annex
Chalcolithic (3200-2300 BCE) · Los Millares Culture
Los Millares Bastion South Gate — Northern Annex in Andalusia, Almeria, Spain is a Chalcolithic (3200-2300 BCE) ancient city attributed to Los Millares Culture.
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe · Ancient city
Danamombe (Dhlo-Dhlo)
Zimbabwe Culture Period V (Khami-Rozvi transition 1693–1830) · Rozvi (Karanga-Changamire) / Kalanga
Rozvi Changamire capital 1693–1830 with quartzite coursed walls 6 m and Portuguese majolica within 8 ha enclosure.
🇬🇷 Greece · Ancient city
Akrotiri West House Annex Theran — Eastern Outlier
Late Minoan (1700-1500 BCE) · Minoan
Akrotiri West House Annex Theran — Eastern Outlier in Cyclades, Santorini, Greece is a Late Minoan (1700-1500 BCE) ancient city attributed to Minoan.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Uaxactun
Middle Preclassic to Late Classic · Maya (Miron–Holmul–Tikal sphere)
Maya metropolis (Preclassic–Classic) 20 km north of Tikal comprising Groups A–H, world type-site for E-Group astronomical complex — Structure E-VII Sub (Preclassic) with three east...
🇿🇼 Zimbabwe · Ancient city
Naletale
Zimbabwe Culture Late Torwa/Rozvi (1600–1750 CE) · Kalanga (Torwa/Rozvi)
1.2 ha mini-site with Zimbabwe's most densely decorated coursed walls – herringbone and chevron on every face, 17th c Torwa.
🇧🇿 Belize · Ancient city
Chan Chich
Middle Preclassic – Terminal Classic (c.800 BCE–900 CE) Lowland Maya · Maya (Lowland)
Chan Chich is a rainforest hilltop Maya city hidden in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area near the Guatemala border, Orange Walk, at 120 m.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Leilan Acropolis Palace East Wing
Bronze Age (3000–1200 BCE) · Bronze Age
Tell Leilan Acropolis Palace East Wing in Al-Hasakah, Tell Leilan, Syria is a Bronze Age (3000–1200 BCE) ancient city attributed to Bronze Age.
🇩🇰 Denmark · Ancient city
Ribe Viking Market — Jutland
Viking Age (Early, c.710–850 CE core; medieval to 1700) · Danish Viking (Merovingian–Carolingian contact)
Ribe, founded c.710 CE on a terp above the Ribe Å wadden marsh, is Denmark's oldest town, a 13-hectare planned market grid of north–south plots along the river where artisans produced glass beads,…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Submerged site
Hadrumetum – Punic–Roman Harbour of Sousse
Phoenician to Byzantine (11th c. BCE wording – 7th c. CE) · Phoenician / Punic / Roman African
Tyrian port older than Carthage — 320m Punic-Roman mole now reef off Sousse kasbah, overlaid by modern beach.