🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
La Corona
Early to Late Classic (520 – 790 CE) · Maya (Kaanul vassal)
La Corona in Petén, Guatemala is a Early to Late Classic (520 – 790 CE) ancient city attributed to Maya (Kaanul vassal) culture.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Arslan Tash (Hadatu)
Iron Age Neo-Assyrian · Aramaean Hadatu → Assyrian province
Assyrian provincial Hadatu with 2.5 km walls, 11 lion gates and Phoenician ivory hoard.
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Ancient city
Staré Město
Early Medieval Great Moravia 800–907 Mojmirid Veligrad phase · Great Moravian Slavs (Veligrad core, Mojmir I–Svatopluk)
Staré Město (Veligrad) — core of Great Moravian Veligrad agglomeration (8th–10th c, peak 833–907) on Morava terrace at Uherské Hradiště, with Staré Město–Uherské Hradiště–Modrá 250 ha complex.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Submerged site
Tyritake — Submerged Harbour at Tyritake South (Kerch South Bay)
Archaic to Late Antique (6th c. BCE – 370 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan
Southern fish-salting harbour of Tyritake at Kamysh-Burun south — 16 vats at –1.5 m and 70 m quay at –2 m.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Submerged site
Tyritake — Submerged Harbour at Tyritake South (Kerch South Bay) — v2
Archaic to Late Antique (6th c. BCE – 370 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan
Southern fish-salting harbour of Tyritake at Kamysh-Burun south — 16 vats at –1.5 m and 70 m quay at –2 m.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Afrasiab (Ancient Samarkand)
Sogdian 7th c BCE → Samanid 9th–10th c → Mongol 1220 CE · Sogdian Maracanda → Sasanian → Samanid Samarkand
Afrasiab — ancient Samarkand / Maracanda (7th c BCE–1220 CE) 3 km north Registan, excavated 1874–present by Vyatkin, Shishkina, Grenet.
🇦🇱 Albania · Submerged site
Dyrrhachium (Durrës) – Submerged Roman Harbour of Illyria
Archaic to Venetian (627 BCE – 1501 CE) · Greek-Corinthian / Illyrian / Hellenistic / Roman / Byzantine / Venetian
Via Egnatia terminus harbour – twin Roman moles 60 m and 40 m at –2.5 m in Durrës Bay.
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Temple complex
Surkh Kotal Fire Temple
Kushan 2nd c CE (Kanishka) · Kushan imperial dynastic — Bactrian fire cult with Hellenistic architecture
Surkh Kotal Fire Temple — Kushan dynastic sanctuary (2nd c CE Kanishka period) on Surkh Kotal hill 18 km NE Puli Khumri, excavated 1952–63 by D. Schlumberger (DAFA).
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Tamtoc (Tamuín) – Huastec Metropolis
Preclassic to Postclassic Huastec (600 BCE–1520 CE, Florescent 600–900) · Huastec (Tenek – Maya linguistic isolate)
Great Huastec city (600 BCE–1520 CE, peak 600–900 CE) on Tampaón River bend covering 50 sq ha with 70 mounds, artificial lagoons and plazas: 21×40 mound group, Stepped Pyramid of the Moon, Temple of…
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Ancient city
Bulla Regia
Numidian to Late Roman (6th c BCE–5th c CE; villas 2nd–4th c) · Numidian / Carthaginian / Roman
Unique Numidian–Roman town with two-storey subterranean villas and intact hunt mosaics preserved by burial.
🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Cyrene
Archaic Greek to Byzantine (631 BCE–643 CE) · Greek / Hellenistic / Roman / Byzantine
100-ha Theran Greek metropolis with Apollo and Zeus sanctuaries, agora and 1000+ sarcophagus tombs.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Izamal
Preclassic to Late Classic · Maya (Northern Lowlands)
Yucatán megacity (300 BCE–1200 CE) beneath Yellow City — 6 Preclassic megapyramids incl. 35-m Kinich Kakmó.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Kalaly-Gyr 1
Achaemenid–Kangju–Khorezmian 500 BCE–200 CE · Khorezmian (Chorasmian) Kalaly phase (Achaemenid frontier)
Khorezmian–Kangju frontier fortress (c.5–4 c. BCE, Achaemenid period) in the southern Kyzylkum at Kalaly-Gyr, Karakalpakstan — large rectangular fort 500×350 m with 12 bastions, associated with…
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Tiddis (Castellum Tidditanorum)
Numidian / Roman (Berber stronghold to late antique) · Numidian / Roman
Cliff-hanging Berber-Roman 'mini Delphi' on Guelaa plateau with stepped streets, bazina tombs and aqueducts.
🇺🇬 Uganda · Ancient city
Bigo bya Mugenyi
Late Iron Age (14th–16th c CE) · Bacwezi / Early Bantu / Bahima pastoralists
Katonga valley earthwork city Bigo bya Mugenyi — 10 km ditch enclosing Bacwezi state capital.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Kaundinyapura
Maurya 300 BCE → Sunga 187 BCE → Satavahana 50 BCE–230 CE → Vakataka 250–400 CE · Vidarbha Early Historic (Satavahana–Vakataka) with Mahabharata memory
Mahabharata Kundina trading city on Wardha (300 BCE–400 CE) — 1.5 km wall with Satavahana–Roman trade and carbonized rice.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Koi Krylgan Kala
Kangju–Khorezmian 400 BCE–400 CE · Chorasmian (Khorezmian Iranian) with Zoroastrian
Enigmatic circular Khorezmian fortress-temple-observatory (c.400 BCE–400 CE) in Karakalpakstan, part of the Ellikqala (Fifty Fortresses) oasis — double-walled concentric circular citadel 87 m outer…
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Paunar
Vakataka (420–550 CE) with Mauryan–Satavahana precursor · Vakataka (Deccan Gupta-age)
Pravarapura—Vakataka capital (420 CE)—700×600 m fortified mound with grid plan on Dham River.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Sippar (Tell Abu Habbah) – Temple City of Shamash
Early Dynastic to Parthian (c. 3000 BCE – 100 CE) · Sumerian / Akkadian / Babylonian / Neo-Babylonian / Achaemenid
Shamash sun-temple city whose Euphrates harbour lies 2 km off modern river – Sun God Tablet and Babylonian World Map findspot.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Ekron (Tel Miqne) – Philistine Olive Oil Harbour City
Middle Bronze to Neo-Babylonian (c. 2000 – 603 BCE) · Canaanite / Philistine / Judahite / Assyrian / Babylonia
Philistine olive oil harbour industrial city – 115-press oil zone and Sorek canal basin 30 m at –1.5 m.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Kadesh (Tell Nebi Mend) – Orontes Harbour City of the Hittite Battle
Early Bronze to Iron Age (c. 2500 – 1200 BCE) · Amorite / Mitanni / Egyptian / Hittite / Sea Peoples
Orontes ford harbour of Ramses vs Hittites – quay 30 m silted 200 m east of battle tell.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Kot Diji
Kot Diji (3300–2600 BCE) → Early Harappan → Mature Harappan · Kot Diji / Early Harappan (Indus formative)
Pre-Harappan fortified citadel and type-site for Kot Diji culture (c.3300–2600 BCE) on the Rohri Hills piedmont east of the Indus in Khairpur, Sindh — 2.5 ha citadel mound with massive mudbrick…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Semna and Kumma Fortresses
Middle Kingdom to New Kingdom (1900–1070 BCE) · Ancient Egyptian occupier
Twin customs forts Semna–Kumma bracketing Second Cataract with Sesostris III's negro-ship decree.
🇧🇬 Bulgaria · Ancient city
Solnitsata (Provadia-Solnitsata)
Late Neolithic to Chalcolithic (Karanovo–Varna sequence) · Hamangia → Varna → Gumelnița associated
Earliest prehistoric town in Europe (c.5600–4350 BCE, Late Neolithic–Chalcolithic) — fortified stone-walled (3 m thick) salt-production centre at Mirovo rock salt spring, the oldest salt mine in…