🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Tavium (Büyükkale / Büyüknefes)
Bronze Age to Byzantine · Hattian/Hittite → Phrygian → Galatian Celtic → Roman
Galatian Trocmi capital at Büyüknefes with Hellenistic walls, Roman avenue and Bryaxis Zeus emporion.
🇧🇩 Bangladesh · Ancient city
Bhitargarh Fortified City
Gupta to Pala–Sena (450–1200 CE) · Gupta to Pala–Sena (Varendra)
Largest Bangladeshi walled city—120 ha, 4 concentric ramparts (6 km outer), 5th–12th c Gupta–Pala–Sena.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Anavarza (Anazarbus) and Castle
Hellenistic to medieval (c.100 BCE–1375 CE) · Cappadocian → Roman → Byzantine → Armenian → Mamluk
Cilician metropolis beneath triple-ward Armenian castle on limestone ridge with stadium and triumphal arch.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Fortified city
Cổ Loa Citadel
Dong Son 3rd c BCE → Han 2nd c BCE → Ngo Quyen 938 CE · Dong Son Au Lac → Han → Dai Viet (Hanoi first capital)
Cổ Loa — spiral-walled citadel city (3rd c BCE–10th c CE) 17 km north Hanoi Old Quarter, excavated 1960s–2010s Nguyen Giang Hai (Vietnam Academy).
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Ahicchatra
Mahajanapada 600 BCE → Gupta 4th–6th c CE · Northern Panchala Mahajanapada → Mauryan → Gupta
Ahicchatra — capital of Northern Panchala Mahajanapada (c.600 BCE–1100 CE) near Ramnagar, Bareilly district, excavated 1940s–60s by ASI (V.K. Sinha).
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Iximche Alt
Late Postclassic (1470 – 1524 CE) · Kaqchikel Maya
Iximche Alt in Chimaltenango, Guatemala is a Late Postclassic (1470 – 1524 CE) ancient city attributed to Kaqchikel Maya culture.
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan · Ancient city
Ak-Beshim Chu Valley City
Sogdian 5th c → Western Turk 581–659 → Tang 659–1141 · Sogdian–Western Turk → Tang Chinese — Chuy Valley Silk Road
Ak-Beshim Chu Valley City — ancient Suyab/Suye (5th–12th c CE) Western Turk capital on Chu River at Ak-Beshim, 8 km SW Tokmok, excavated 1938–58 by Bernshtam and 2010s Kyrgyz-German.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Hastinapura
PGW 1100–600 BCE (Kuru) → NBPW 600–300 BCE → Historic · Kuru Mahajanapada (PGW culture) → NBPW Early Historic
Hastinapura — capital of Kuru Mahajanapada (c.1100–600 BCE, PGW 1100–600 BCE, NBPW 600–300 BCE) at Hastinapur, Meerut district, excavated 1950–52 by B.B. Lal (ASI).
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Maheshwar Narmada Ghat Settlement
Chalcolithic 1600 BCE → Early Historic 6th c BCE → Paramara 10th c → Holkar 1760s · Malwa → Mahishmati Mahabharata → Paramara–Holkar
Maheshwar Narmada Ghat Settlement — ancient Mahishmati (Mahabharata, Kalidasa) on Narmada ghat 2 km north of Navdatoli, excavated with Navdatoli 1952–57 showing Early Historic Mart 6th c BCE → Gupta…
🇨🇳 China · Ancient city
Erligang (Zhengzhou Shang City)
Early Shang Erligang 1600–1400 BCE (Xia→Shang transition) · Early Shang (Erligang culture, Zhengzhou phase)
Erligang (Zhengzhou Shang City) — Early Shang walled capital (c.1600–1400 BCE, Erligang culture) under modern Zhengzhou old city, excavated 1950s–80s An Jinhuai and Zou Heng (Henan Institute).
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Qumaarkaj
Late Postclassic (1200 – 1524 CE) · K'iche' Maya
Qumaarkaj in Quiché, Guatemala is a Late Postclassic (1200 – 1524 CE) ancient city attributed to K'iche' Maya culture. Gumarcaj/Utatlán: 4 causeways, 23 palaces, Temple of Tohil human sacrifice.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Mixco Viejo Alt
Early to Late Postclassic (1100 – 1524 CE) · Pocomam Maya
Mixco Viejo Alt in Chimaltenango, Guatemala is a Early to Late Postclassic (1100 – 1524 CE) ancient city attributed to Pocomam Maya culture.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Kausambi (Ancient Kosambi)
Mahajanapada 600 BCE → Mauryan → Gupta 4th c CE · Vatsa Janapada → Mauryan → Sunga–Gupta (Middle Ganga)
Kausambi (Kosambi) — capital of Vatsa Mahajanapada (c.600 BCE–300 CE) on Yamuna 56 km SW Prayagraj, excavated 1949–56 by G.R. Sharma (Allahabad University).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Dara (Anastasiopolis)
Late Roman–Byzantine (505 CE–1071 CE) · Eastern Roman (Byzantine) vs Sasanian Persian
Justinian border megafort with 3.5 km walls, earliest arch dam and 18 m deep rock-cut Great Cistern.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Sirsukh
Kushan 1st–3rd c CE → Gupta → Hepthalite 5th c · Kushan Gandhara (Taxila valley)
Sirsukh — last great city of Taxila (late 1st c CE–mid 5th c CE) 2 km NE Sirkap, Taxila valley, founded under Kushan Kujula Kadphises/Kanishka after 80 CE.
🇰🇬 Kyrgyzstan · Ancient city
Navekat Krasnaya Rechka City
Sogdian 6th–12th c → Kara-Khanid 10th–12th · Sogdian oasis — Chuy Valley Silk Road Sogdian–Turk
Navekat Krasnaya Rechka City — Sogdian Silk Road city (6th–12th c CE) at Krasnaya Rechka on Chu Valley road west of Ak-Beshim, excavated 1980s by VE Nasyrov and Koen–Goryacheva.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Mansourah — Marinid Fortified City of Tlemcen
Marinid (1299–1307 CE) · Berber Marinid / Zayyanid
Mansourah is the 1299–1307 Marinid siege-camp turned fortified city 4 km W of Tlemcen, built by Sultan Abu Yaqub to blockade Zayyanid Tlemcen for 8-year siege (longest medieval siege in Maghreb).
🇧🇩 Bangladesh · Ancient city
Pundranagara — East Rampart Gate (Mahasthangarh)
Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age urban
Pundranagara — East Rampart Gate (Mahasthangarh) in Rajshahi, Bogura, Mahasthangarh, Bangladesh is a Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) ancient city…
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Rajgir Ancient City
Vedic–Magadhan to Mauryan 1000–185 BCE; Buddhist pilgrimage continuous · Magadhan / Buddhist / Jain
First capital of Magadha (c.1000 BCE–c.400 BCE) nestled in ring of five hills, both Older (Bimbisara's Rajagriha) and New Rajgir enclosed by 40 km cyclopean rubble walls up to 8 m thick — India's…
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Kalaa of Beni Hammad — Hammadid Fortified City
Islamic Hammadid (1007–1152 CE) · Berber Hammadid / Zirid
Kalaa (Qal'a) of Beni Hammad is the 1007 CE Hammadid capital 1418 m in Hodna mountains, UNESCO 102.
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Hatra
Parthian to Sassanian (c.200 BCE–241 CE) · Parthian-Arab (Hatrene Aramaic) / Hellenistic influence
Fortified Parthian-Arab desert city (2nd c BCE–241 CE) with circular walls 6.4 km circuit resisting Trajan (117) and Septimius Severus (198).
🇮🇶 Iraq · Ancient city
Khorsabad (Dur-Sharrukin)
Neo-Assyrian (713–705 BCE construction and occupation only) · Assyrian
Short-lived Assyrian capital built 713–707 BCE by Sargon II as brand-new square city 1.628 km side with seven gates, 24 km walls, and palace on citadel.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Yayno — Huari Fortified City
Middle Horizon / Early Intermediate (400–800 CE) · Recuay / Wari influenced
Yayno — Huari Fortified City in Ancash Region, Peru is a Middle Horizon / Early Intermediate (400–800 CE) ancient-city attributed to Recuay / Wari influenced. Largest fort in Americas?
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Heraclea at Latmus Athena Temple — Endymion Mountain City Sanctuary
Hellenistic (300–150 BCE) foundation over Archaic · Hellenistic Lysimachan Heracleans with Karian memory
Athena peripteros 6×11 on cyclopean walled acropolis above Bafa Lake Endymion heroon.