🇰🇭 Cambodia · Fortress
Citadel of Eilean
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Eilean in Preah Vihear, Cambodia is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Pampa Grande Pyramid (Huaca Fortaleza)
Late Moche (Moche V, 600–750) · Moche (Late Moche Galindo-Pampa Grande)
Latest Moche capital Pampa Grande (600–750 CE): 38 m Huaca Fortaleza mudbrick pyramid (~290k m³) with hilltop fortress and 1200 workshops, final Moche mega-city.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Fortress
Trakai Island Castle
Medieval (1377–1430) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Gediminid)
The only surviving water castle in Eastern Europe, built on 2 ha island in Lake Galvė by Grand Dukes Kęstutis and Vytautas the Great (c.1377–1409) as fortified residence.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Koknese Castle
Medieval (1205–1701) · Latgalian then Livonian Order
Episcopal stone castle at Koknese island fortress at confluence of Daugava and Pērse (Latgalian hillfort predecessor Kukonoyse), founded 1205 by Bishop Albert after grant by King Vetseke of Koknese,…
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Horom Citadel
Late Bronze to medieval (c.1600 BCE – 1200 CE) · Trialeti–Van kingdom → Armenian medieval
65-ha hillfort on Gyumri–Yerevan highway with 13-m Cyclopean walls, Late Bronze chamber-tombs, Early Iron “Horom pottery” type site, Urartian re-occupation and Armenian 10th-century basilica.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Aizkraukle Castle
Aizkraukle Castle (Latvian: Aizkraukles pils; German: Ascheraden) is a ruined medieval castle, located on the right bank of the river Daugava in the Vidzeme region of Latvia, to the west of the…
🇩🇪 Germany · Fortress
Alte Burg (Langenenslingen)
Alte Burg is a large Celtic hilltop fortification, or hillfort, that may have been used as a cult or assembly site for the regional population.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Castellum Tingitanum (El Asnam / Chlef)
Roman (1st–7th c CE) · Roman (Mauretania Caesariensis)
Cheliff valley fortified village with Donatist basilica, inscription of martyrdom 304 CE, and earthquake-prone castellum walls.
🇸🇪 Sweden · Fortress
Lojsta Hall (Lojsta Slott)
Iron Age–Medieval (900–1361 CE) · Gotlandic Iron Age / Medieval
Reconstructed water fortress hall at Lojsta Slott on a small lake islet (Lojsta) in central Gotland, with causeway, timber hall 40 m and later stone tower.
🇹🇿 Tanzania · Fortress
Pujini Palace — Mkama Ndume Citadel
Swahili (15th c. CE) · Swahili (Mohamed bin Abdulaziz?)
Pujini Palace — Mkama Ndume Citadel in Pemba Island, Tanzania is a Swahili (15th c. CE) fortress attributed to Swahili (Mohamed bin Abdulaziz?).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Kayalidere — Urartian Mountain Fortress
Urartian (733–713 BCE Tiglath-Pileser tributary) · Urartian
Kayalidere — Urartian Mountain Fortress in Muş Province, Turkey is a Urartian (733–713 BCE Tiglath-Pileser tributary) fortress attributed to Urartian.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Fortress
Hyrcania — Desert Fortress of Hyrcanus and Herod
Hasmonean (c. 130 BCE) + Herodian 30 BCE · Hasmonean / Herodian / Byzantine Laura
Hyrcania excavated by Bar Adon and later, Herod's desert asylum per Josephus with tomb possibility.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Fortress
Bjini Fortress — Hrazdan Gorge Canyon Spur Citadel
Bagratid (5th c. village; Fortress 9th–10th c. Pahlavuni; Surb Astvatsatsin 1031) · Bagratid Pahlavuni (same family Amberd)
Bjini Pahlavuni 9th–10th fortress with Surb Astvatsatsin 1031.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Zerzevan Castle — Mithraeum on Frontier Limes
Roman (4th c. CE Severan) to Byzantine · Roman Eastern limes
Diyarbakır frontier fort excavated by Coşkun 2014–, easternmost confirmed Mithraeum, Sassanid siege evidence 359 CE.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Hasankale — Pasin Fortress
Urartian to Medieval (800 BCE–1200 CE) · Urartian then Saltukid
Hasankale — Pasin Fortress in Erzurum Province, Turkey is a Urartian to Medieval (800 BCE–1200 CE) fortress attributed to Urartian then Saltukid.
🇦🇱 Albania · Fortress
Ali Pasha Castle
Ali Pasha Castle (Albanian: Kalaja e Ali Pashës) is a castle in Albania. It is named after Ali Pasha of Tepelenë who resided there until 1820.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Tell
Sharuhen (Tell el-Ajjul)
Middle Bronze to Egyptian New Kingdom (2000–1150 BCE) · Hyksos / Egyptian
Hyksos rampart fortress (15 m thick) besieged 3 years by Ahmose.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Fortress
Thamallula (Theniet Belezma)
Roman (1st–5th c CE) · Roman (Numidia)
Pass fort on northern Aurès road, Thamallula guards the Belezma gap with courtyard fortress and road village.
🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Alsunga Castle
Alsunga Castle (Latvian: Alsungas pils; German: Schloss Alschwangen) is a castle in Alsunga village, in Alsunga Parish, Kuldīga Municipality, in the Courland region of Latvia.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortress
Tahat — Aghram Nadharif Fortified Granary Peak
Garamantian (200 BCE–300 CE) · Garamantian highland granary
Tahat granary surveyed by Liverani 2000s, Garamantian high storage.
🇵🇪 Peru · Megalith
Sacsayhuamán
Inca Imperial, 15th century; possibly Killke antecedents · Inca
Cyclopean fortress-temple complex 2 km northwest of Cusco with three zigzagging dry-stone ramparts of limestone blocks up to 120 tonnes and 9 m high, fitted without mortar with sub-millimeter…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Bagras
Bagras or Baghrās, ancient Pagrae (Greek: Πάγραι; Armenian: Պաղրաս, romanized: Paġras), is a ruined medieval castle in the İskenderun district of Turkey, in the Amanus Mountains.
