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🇯🇴 Jordan · Geoglyph
Late Neolithic–Early Chalcolithic (6000–4500 BCE) · Late Neolithic pastoralists
Northern–eastern margin of Qa' al-Qattafi playa (660 m), the 10 km2 playa terminus of Wadi al-Qattafi system (Toms 2021).
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Middle Woodland Hopewell (100 BCE–500 CE) · Hopewell tradition
Unusual Hopewell (100 BCE–500 CE) enclosure complex at confluence of Paint Creek and North Fork, comprising nine geometric elements—four circles, two squares, crescents and parallel walls—covering 26…
🇸🇾 Syria · Hydraulic works
Umayyad (Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik) · Umayyad steppe palace culture
Hayr Gharbi: 16-km Umayyad 727 CE limestone canal from Harbaka Dam to steppe palace 34.52N 38.12E.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Middle PPNB to Halaf-Ubaid (8500–5500 BCE) · Middle Euphrates PPNB → Halaf
Middle Euphrates PPNB–Ubaid sequence tell with fingerprint-on-figurine craft study.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Early Sarmatian (500–300 BCE) · Early Sarmatian / Aorsi
Tört Oba (‘Four Mounds’) group near Zhirenkopa village at northwest Aktobe Oblast threshold to Orenburg steppe (145 m), studied by Samashev 2010.
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Mauryan 3rd c BCE → Sunga–Gupta 2nd c BCE–5th c · Mauryan → Sunga → Gupta
Sanchi SE terminus — 3 brick stupas (Stupa 1 17 m) on watershed with reservoir (17 km SE).
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Pyramid
Early Harappan (Kot Diji period, 3300–2600 BCE, type-site) · Early Harappan (Kot Dijian)
Kot Diji Mound — Khairpur in Sindh, Khairpur District, Rohri Hills foot, Pakistan is a Early Harappan (Kot Diji period, 3300–2600 BCE, type-site) pyramid/mound site attributed to Early Harappan (Kot…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Chalcolithic to Byzantine; Phrygian-Roman sanctuary peak · Phrygian → Galatian Tolistobogii → Roman Galatia
Mother-goddess sanctuary-city of Cybele — Phrygian terraces, Hellenistic temple and Roman acropolis buried under Ballıhisar mound on Sangarios.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Preclassic–Late Classic · Maya (Eastern Petén)
Lacustrine Maya city (600 BCE–900 CE) on north shore of Lake Yaxhá, with 500+ structures: North Acropolis 23 m twin pyramids, Main Plazas, South Acropolis, twin ballcourts, island...
🇧🇿 Belize · Pyramid
Preclassic to Postclassic (400 BCE–1000 CE) · Maya (Belize coastal lowland)
Quintessential Classic Maya trade capital (400 BCE–900 CE) on Belize coastal plain 50 km north of Belize City, built on 6 m artificial elevation.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Early Saka Tigraxauda peak · Saka Tigraxauda royal
Boralday Royal 15: 92-m triple-circle Saka mound with 180 gold appliqués, park core.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Sasanian (Shapur I–II) · Sasanian Persian
180-m Sasanian gravity dam (240–380 CE) on Minab tributary — 300,000 m³ for Minab palms.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Kushan 1st–3rd c CE → Gupta → Hepthalite 5th c · Kushan Gandhara (Taxila valley)
Sirsukh — last great city of Taxila (late 1st c CE–mid 5th c CE) 2 km NE Sirkap, Taxila valley, founded under Kushan Kujula Kadphises/Kanishka after 80 CE.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Early Bronze to Old Babylonian (Ebla to Hammurabi) · Semitic Ebla-Mari–Akkadian world, Dagan cult
Holy city of god Dagan at Euphrates-Balikh mouth, tell Bi'a = Early Dynastic Tuttul (c.2600–1700 BCE) where Ebla tablets locate Dagan's oracle and Sargon of Akkad stopped for blessing.
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Ancient city
Greco-Bactrian 2nd c BCE → Kushan 1st–3rd c CE → Sassanid sack 245 CE · Greco-Bactrian → Kushan (Kapisa capital) — Gandhara-Silk Road
Begram Bagram Kushan City — ancient Kapisa (Kapisha), summer capital of Kushan Empire (1st–3rd c CE) at Panjshir–Ghorband confluence 50 km NE Kabul, excavated 1923–40 by J. Hackin and R.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
500 BCE–1542 CE (Preclassic through Postclassic to Contact; apogee CIassical 600–950) · Maya (northwestern Yucatán, Dzibilchaltún polity)
Northern Maya lowland megasite spanning 17 km² (largest in Yucatán by area, 8,400 structures, 1,300 vaulted buildings) occupied extraordinarily from Middle Preclassic 500 BCE to Conquest ~1542 CE…
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Sothi → Mature → Late Harappan / OCP 3000–1500 BCE · Indus Valley (Sothi–Harappan Eastern Domain)
Key Indus Eastern Domain type-site (c.3000–1500 BCE) on the Drishadvati–Sarasvati divide at Bhiwani, Haryana — two mounds (A 23 ha citadel, B 10 ha lower town) excavated 1968 by Suraj Bhan revealing…
🇧🇿 Belize · Pyramid
Preclassic to Late Classic (550 BCE–950 CE) · Maya (Mountain Cow lowland–highland)
Apex of Belize's largest Maya city (550 BCE–950 CE, Classic peak 562–800 CE) covering 200 km² and defeating Tikal in 562 CE (Altar 21).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Tell
Neolithic through Iron; Amuq A-J typology · Amuq Neolithic → Halaf → Ubaid → EBA → Syro-Hittite
Amuq type-site mound defining Amuq A–J phases (Neolithic–Iron) — 22 m deposit with Neolithic painted ware, Ninevite V and Iron Syro-Hittite ceramics.
🇺🇸 United States · Earthwork
Middle Woodland (Hopewell) · Hopewell (Ohio Hilltop)
Hopewell hilltop enclosure (100 BCE–400 CE) on Baker Fork gorge — 2.4-km wall with 33 gates.
🇯🇵 Japan · Ancient village
Jomon 6000–1800 BCE (Early to Final) stratified · Jomon (Kanto)
132 m Kanto Jomon shell midden — 5× stratified with 35 pit houses on Musashino (Mizuko, 6000–1800 BCE).
🇮🇶 Iraq · Pyramid
Ubaid through Early Dynastic to Akkadian (5000–2300 BCE) · Sumerian (Lagash / Girsu)
Tell al-Hiba — Lagash Mound in Dhi Qar Governorate, Al-Hiba (ancient Lagash), Iraq is a Ubaid through Early Dynastic to Akkadian (5000–2300 BCE) pyramid/mound site attributed to Sumerian (Lagash /…
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Early Saka to Wusun Transition · Saka–Wusun
Zhetytobe south: 6 adobe-ring Saka kurgans 3 km south of Seven Hills core, Turkestan Ridge.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient village
Ahar-Banas Chalcolithic 3000–1500 BCE · Ahar-Banas Ahar ware — type-site defining culture
Ahar Dhulkot Mound — eponymous Ahar-Banas Chalcolithic type-site (3000–1500 BCE) on Ahar River at Udaipur's eastern edge, excavated 1961–62 by H.D. Sankalia (Deccan College) and R.C. Agrawal.
