🇺🇦 Ukraine · Rock art
Kamennyye Mogily West Gully Petroglyphs
Mesolithic to Bronze Age (8000 BCE – 1500 BCE) · Pontic Steppe hunter-gatherer to Yamna/Catacomb
West gully offshoots of Azov Stone Graves with bull and horse pecked panels.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Chuera (Chuera / Khuera)
Early Bronze Jezirah 0–III (Chalcolithic to Early Dyn to Akkadian) · North Mesopotamian Jezirah (Ebla-Mari world)
Circular double-walled Early Bronze city (c.3400–2200 BCE, EJ 0–III) in 130mm rainfall steppe — proof Jezirah cities flourished without southern irrigation via dry-farming + wadi runoff.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Kurgan
Mykhailivka (Mikhaylovka) — Yamnaya type site
Lower Eneolithic → Repin → Classic Yamnaya (Pit Grave) · Sredny Stog / Trypillia → Repin → Yamnaya (Pit Grave culture)
Yamnaya triple settlement on Dnieper (3600–2600 BCE) — Lower Trypillian fort, Middle Repin–Yamnaya ditch and Upper Yamnaya town with adjacent Pit Grave kurgans, birthplace of Yamnaya culture.
🇷🇺 Russia · Megalith
Great Salbyk Kurgan
Tagar culture, Scythian (~800–200 BCE; Salbyk 500 BCE) · Tagar (Scythian-Siberian, Khakass steppe)
So-called Siberian Stonehenge: a 71-m square enclosure of standing Devonian sandstone slabs weighing up to 50 tonnes enclosing a truncated pyramid kurgan 12 m high.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Hillfort
Nemyriv Scythian Hillfort
Early Scythian (7th–6th century BCE) · Scythian (Forest-Steppe)
Largest Scythian-period fortified settlement between Dnieper and Dniester (110 ha) on both banks of a Boh tributary at Sazhky–Nemyriv, with double earthen ramparts 6 km perimeter (8 m high, 32 m…
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Rock art
Kamennyye Mogily East Sandstone Plateau
Eneolithic to Early Bronze Age · Sredny Stog, Yamnaya
East plateau of Kamyana Mohyla with 18 grottoes, Eneolithic stag and foot-sole pecked slabs.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Hamoukar South Town — Jazira Urban Anomaly
Late Chalcolithic to EJ III (4500–2100 BCE; peak LC sprawl 3800 BCE) · LC northern Mesopotamian → Uruk → Ninevite 5
LC sprawl 4000 BCE battle town 3500 BCE — sling-bullet warfare horizon (Gibson).
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Khokhlach Kurgan (Sarmatian Novocherkassk Hoard)
Early Iron Age; Sarmatian (Middle Sarmatian) Alanic · Scythian → Sarmatian (Sirachi/Alanic)
1st c. CE Sarmatian elite kurgan with Novocherkassk gold hoard — catacomb chamber, gold diadem, Parthian silver and Bosporan imports, Azov Sarmatian apogee.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Boralday East Ili Piedmont Outlier Kurgans (Ili Piedmont East Satellite)
Saka (500–250 BCE) · Saka Tigrakhauda
Eastern outliers 8 km east of Boralday Archaeological Park (790 m) on Ili piedmont steppe toward Ili River branch. Six mounds 28–62 m diam, 3–7 m high with ditch rings (22–48 m) visible on satellite.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Ancient city
Bilsk Hillfort – Gelonus
Early Iron Age, Scythian period · Scythian-agrarian (Budini, possibly Geloni Greeks per Herodotus)
4,400-ha 7th-c. BCE Scythian mega-hillfort—largest in Europe, Herodotus's wooden Gelonus candidate.
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Hillfort
Motronyn Hillfort
Scythian (7th–4th century BCE, peak 500 BCE) · Scythian Forest-Steppe
Massive Scythian hillfort (205 ha) deep in Kholodnyi Yar oak forest near Chyhyryn, with massive earthen ramparts 8 m high enclosing sacred settlement and cemetery. Excavated by M.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Tell Abu Suwan
Chalcolithic-Iron Age (c.5000-600 BCE) · Levantine EBA to Iron Age (Jordan Valley)
Tell Abu Suwan — buried chalcolithic-iron tell/village at Mafraq Governorate.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Saryarka Khirigsuur Field
Late Bronze Age, Saryarka khirigsuur 1400-800 BCE · Andronovo to Deer Stone-Khirigsuur transitional
35 Bronze Age khirigsuurs (1400-800 BCE) on Saryarka steppe, westernmost Deer Stone-Khirigsuur province 1500 km west of Mongolia.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Earthwork
Yamna Kurgan Circle South
Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) · Medieval
Yamna Kurgan Circle South in Steppe, Kazakhstan is a Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) earthwork attributed to Medieval culture.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Aktobe Tortoba East Satellite Kurgans (Kobda District Eastern Cluster)
Early Sarmatian (600–400 BCE) · Sarmatian / Prot. Sauromatian
Eastern satellite cluster 10 km east of Tortoba core (Kobda District, Aktobe, 165 m) with 12 kurgans 18–52 m diam, 2–6 m high on low Emba-Uil interfluve steppe.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Rock art
Sarmishsay Gorge Petroglyphs
Neolithic to Iron Age (Kelteminar to Yaz-I) · Kelteminar, Zamanbaba, Andronovo and Bactria-Margiana pastoralists
Karatau gorge with 10,000 petroglyphs 5000–1000 BCE, Uzbekistan's largest rock-art ensemble.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Kostromskaya Kurgan (Kuban Scythian)
Iron Age; Scythian (Early Scythian) Maikop-reuse · Cimmerian → Scythian (Arzhan-derived) → Kuban Scythian
7th c. BCE royal Scythian timber kurgan (12 m) with 28 horse sacrifice — Scythian Animal Style gold, akinakes swords and Greek imports, earliest Kuban Scythian.
🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Sayan Canyon Petroglyphs — Great Yenisey
Early Bronze to Medieval (Okunevo to Tagar to Yeniseian Kyrgyz runic) · Okunevo, Andronovo, Karasuk, Tagar Scythian, Yenisei Kyrgyz
Yenisey Sayan Gorge 200 panels Okunevo masks to Tagar scythians 2800 BCE–700 CE, half drowned by Sayano dam.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Fortress
Henchir Sidi Amara – Roman–Byzantine Fort
Roman to Byzantine (2nd–7th c CE) · Roman / Byzantine
Frontier fortlet on steppe ridge with Roman farm and Byzantine quadrangle fort (80×60 m) reusing inscriptions, on Thelepte–Cillium road.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Taldy-2 Satellite Kurgan (Tasmola South Annex)
Tasmola Early Saka (5th c. BCE) · Tasmola
Taldy-2 satellite: 24-m Tasmola maiden kurgan 800 m south of royal Arystan, Karaganda steppe.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Pokrovka Kurgans – Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian Necropolis
Early Iron Age (Sauromatian to Early Sarmatian) · Sauromatian / Early Sarmatian (Prokhorovka)
40+ Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian kurgans (600–200 BCE) — 'Amazon' female warrior necropolis on Ilek River.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Kyrykoba Kurgan Field — Sarmatian Royal Cemetery (Aktobe, West Kazakhstan)
Early to Middle Sarmatian (Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian, 500–350 BCE) · Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian (Prokhorovka transitional)
40+ Sarmatian royal mounds (5th–4th c BCE) with 820-g gold torque and Amazon warrior — West Kazakh Ural steppe.
🇷🇺 Russia · Pyramid
Hyperborea on Ural Polar Pseudo – Herodotus North of Scythia Extended to Polar Urals
Pseudoarchaeology claim (2000 Uvarov Ural Hyperborea) · Herodotus 4.32 Hyperborea beyond Boreas → 2000 Uvarov Polar Urals
Pseudo Hyperborea at 72°N polar Urals – claim Herodotus' six-month night = polar Urals not Issedones steppe.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Baykara Kurgan
Early Iron Age Early Saka 670 BCE plus Sarmatian reuse · Early Saka western + Sarmatian intrusive
110-m giant Early Saka kurgan (670 BCE) at Baykara on Tobol terrace, westernmost Saka royal mound with Sarmatian reuse.