🇺🇦 Ukraine · Rock art
Kamennyye Mogily East Sandstone Plateau
Eneolithic to Early Bronze Age · Sredny Stog, Yamnaya
East plateau of Kamyana Mohyla with 18 grottoes, Eneolithic stag and foot-sole pecked slabs.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Hamoukar South Town — Jazira Urban Anomaly
Late Chalcolithic to EJ III (4500–2100 BCE; peak LC sprawl 3800 BCE) · LC northern Mesopotamian → Uruk → Ninevite 5
LC sprawl 4000 BCE battle town 3500 BCE — sling-bullet warfare horizon (Gibson).
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Khokhlach Kurgan (Sarmatian Novocherkassk Hoard)
Early Iron Age; Sarmatian (Middle Sarmatian) Alanic · Scythian → Sarmatian (Sirachi/Alanic)
1st c. CE Sarmatian elite kurgan with Novocherkassk gold hoard — catacomb chamber, gold diadem, Parthian silver and Bosporan imports, Azov Sarmatian apogee.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Boralday East Ili Piedmont Outlier Kurgans (Ili Piedmont East Satellite)
Saka (500–250 BCE) · Saka Tigrakhauda
Eastern outliers 8 km east of Boralday Archaeological Park (790 m) on Ili piedmont steppe toward Ili River branch. Six mounds 28–62 m diam, 3–7 m high with ditch rings (22–48 m) visible on satellite.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Tell Abu Suwan
Chalcolithic-Iron Age (c.5000-600 BCE) · Levantine EBA to Iron Age (Jordan Valley)
Tell Abu Suwan — buried chalcolithic-iron tell/village at Mafraq Governorate.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Saryarka Khirigsuur Field
Late Bronze Age, Saryarka khirigsuur 1400-800 BCE · Andronovo to Deer Stone-Khirigsuur transitional
35 Bronze Age khirigsuurs (1400-800 BCE) on Saryarka steppe, westernmost Deer Stone-Khirigsuur province 1500 km west of Mongolia.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Earthwork
Yamna Kurgan Circle South
Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) · Medieval
Yamna Kurgan Circle South in Steppe, Kazakhstan is a Early Bronze Age (3000–2000 BCE) earthwork attributed to Medieval culture.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Aktobe Tortoba East Satellite Kurgans (Kobda District Eastern Cluster)
Early Sarmatian (600–400 BCE) · Sarmatian / Prot. Sauromatian
Eastern satellite cluster 10 km east of Tortoba core (Kobda District, Aktobe, 165 m) with 12 kurgans 18–52 m diam, 2–6 m high on low Emba-Uil interfluve steppe.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Rock art
Sarmishsay Gorge Petroglyphs
Neolithic to Iron Age (Kelteminar to Yaz-I) · Kelteminar, Zamanbaba, Andronovo and Bactria-Margiana pastoralists
Karatau gorge with 10,000 petroglyphs 5000–1000 BCE, Uzbekistan's largest rock-art ensemble.
🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan
Kostromskaya Kurgan (Kuban Scythian)
Iron Age; Scythian (Early Scythian) Maikop-reuse · Cimmerian → Scythian (Arzhan-derived) → Kuban Scythian
7th c. BCE royal Scythian timber kurgan (12 m) with 28 horse sacrifice — Scythian Animal Style gold, akinakes swords and Greek imports, earliest Kuban Scythian.
🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art
Sayan Canyon Petroglyphs — Great Yenisey
Early Bronze to Medieval (Okunevo to Tagar to Yeniseian Kyrgyz runic) · Okunevo, Andronovo, Karasuk, Tagar Scythian, Yenisei Kyrgyz
Yenisey Sayan Gorge 200 panels Okunevo masks to Tagar scythians 2800 BCE–700 CE, half drowned by Sayano dam.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Fortress
Henchir Sidi Amara – Roman–Byzantine Fort
Roman to Byzantine (2nd–7th c CE) · Roman / Byzantine
Frontier fortlet on steppe ridge with Roman farm and Byzantine quadrangle fort (80×60 m) reusing inscriptions, on Thelepte–Cillium road.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Taldy-2 Satellite Kurgan (Tasmola South Annex)
Tasmola Early Saka (5th c. BCE) · Tasmola
Taldy-2 satellite: 24-m Tasmola maiden kurgan 800 m south of royal Arystan, Karaganda steppe.
🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus
Pokrovka Kurgans – Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian Necropolis
Early Iron Age (Sauromatian to Early Sarmatian) · Sauromatian / Early Sarmatian (Prokhorovka)
40+ Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian kurgans (600–200 BCE) — 'Amazon' female warrior necropolis on Ilek River.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Kyrykoba Kurgan Field — Sarmatian Royal Cemetery (Aktobe, West Kazakhstan)
Early to Middle Sarmatian (Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian, 500–350 BCE) · Sauromatian–Early Sarmatian (Prokhorovka transitional)
40+ Sarmatian royal mounds (5th–4th c BCE) with 820-g gold torque and Amazon warrior — West Kazakh Ural steppe.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Baykara Kurgan
Early Iron Age Early Saka 670 BCE plus Sarmatian reuse · Early Saka western + Sarmatian intrusive
110-m giant Early Saka kurgan (670 BCE) at Baykara on Tobol terrace, westernmost Saka royal mound with Sarmatian reuse.
🇺🇸 United States · Submerged site
Beringia – Drowned Land Bridge
Pleistocene (exposed 36k–11k; fully closed 21k–14k cal BP brown/green zones) · Paleolithic Siberian / Paleo-American / Dyuktai / Clovis ancestors
36k–11k BCE steppe isthmus Alaska–Siberia now 53 m under strait — 2023 cores re-imagined as tundra, not grass.
🇷🇴 Romania · Tell
Cernavodă Tell — Axioupolis Danube Tell
Hamangia to Iron Age (5000 BCE–100 CE; stratotype Cernavodă I 4000–3200 BCE) · Hamangia → Gumelniţa → Cernavodă I–III → Geto-Dacian Iron
Cernavodă stratotype 4000 BCE — namesake Cernavodă I with hamangia base.
🇲🇳 Mongolia · Tumulus
Gol Mod 2 Xiongnu Royal Necropolis
Early Iron Age, Xiongnu (Hunnu) Empire period · Xiongnu (Hunnu) imperial confederacy
80×80 m trapezoidal Xiongnu royal mausoleum (1st c. BCE) with Han lacquer and 400 satellite shaft tombs.
🇸🇾 Syria · Earthwork
Jebel Bishri Kites
Neolithic-Chalcolithic to Early Bronze · Bishri plateau Neolithic to Early Bronze pastoralists
28 limestone kite traps (4700-3600 BCE) on Jebel Bishri escarpment above the Euphrates, with plaster-lined pits later reused.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Kurgan
Karaoba Extended Kurgan Field (Karaoba Ridge West Chain)
Middle to Late Sarmatian · Late Sarmatian
Karaoba west: 7 chalk-marl kurgans extending field N-S 1.8 km toward Caspian lowland.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Hillfort
Negev Kite Enclosure West
Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) · Local Neolithic
Negev Kite Enclosure West in Steppe, Kazakhstan is a Classical Antiquity (800 BCE–500 CE) hillfort attributed to Local Neolithic culture.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Tumulus
Taldy-2 Kurgan – Tasmola Culture Royal Tomb
Early Iron Age, Tasmola/Scythian-Saka (9th–5th c. BCE) · Tasmola (Saka-Scythian) steppe pastoralists
8-m-high 800 BCE Tasmola royal mound (70 m wide) with 4,500 golds and 30 satellite 'moustache' stone alignments.
🇰🇿 Kazakhstan · Rock art
Tamgaly Petroglyphs
Bronze Age to early nomadic (~2000 BCE – 1000 CE) · Andronovo, Karasuk, Saka and Turkic nomadic
Arid gorge in the Chu-Ili massif preserving five major groups with over 5,000 petroglyphs, famed for anthropomorphic sun-headed figures up to 80 cm tall with rayed haloes.