🇱🇻 Latvia · Fortress
Burtnieki Castle
Burtnieki Castle (German: Burg Burtneck; Estonian: Asti ordulinnus) is a castle in Burtnieki Parish, Valmiera Municipality in the Vidzeme region of Latvia.
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa
The Cathedral of Our Lady of Tortosa (Arabic: كاتدرائية طرطوس) was a Catholic cathedral in the city of Tartus, Syria.
🇹🇯 Tajikistan · Fortress
Karon (Darvaz Karon)
Kushan–Sasanian 1st–7th c → Samanid–Timurid 10th–15th c · Kushan–Sasanian → Samanid → Timurid Pamiri (Darvaz)
Karon — Pamir mountain city-fortress (1st–15th c CE) 2000 m on Darvaz plateau, Panj gorge, excavated 2010s Bobomulloev (Tajik Academy).
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Yalape Chachapoya Fortress
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (900–1536 CE) · Chachapoya (Levanto) → Inca (mitma gate)
Hilltop Chachapoya fortress-village (900–1470 CE, Inca-enhanced 1470–1530) 26 km SW of Chachapoyas city: D-shaped 4 ha walled enclosure 3–5 m high following limestone ridge, enclosing 40+ circular…
🇮🇱 Israel · Tell
Tel Arad
Early Bronze II to Iron II / Persian (c.3000–400 BCE; EB peak 2950–2650, Iron 1000–587) · EB Canaanite → absent MB → Israelite Judahite → Babylonian era → Persian
Double-stacked tell: 2950 BCE walled EB city plus Iron Age Judahite fortress-temple twin of Jerusalem.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Amouda
The former Crusader castle of Amouda, in what was the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia, and today close to the village of Gökçedam in the Turkish Province of Osmaniye.
🇸🇩 Sudan · Pyramid
Kumma Fortress — Semna East
Middle Kingdom, 12th Dynasty · Ancient Egyptian
Rectangular eastern counterpart to Semna West across the 500 m Semna gorge, built to close the eastern channel and form a fortified river gateway with coupled gate signals.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Los Millares — Fort 1 (Almizaraque Sector)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Los Millares — Fort 1 (Almizaraque Sector) in Andalusia, Almería, Santa Fe de Mondújar, Spain is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attribut…
🇮🇷 Iran · Fortress
Bampur — Citadel North Bastion (Sistan)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Bampur — Citadel North Bastion (Sistan) in Sistan and Baluchestan, Iranshahr, Bampur, Iran is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed …
🇬🇧 United Kingdom · Fortress
Maiden Castle — Inner Rampart East Gate
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Maiden Castle — Inner Rampart East Gate in England, Dorset, Dorchester, United Kingdom is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to I…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Çavuştepe — Upper Citadel Store Room (Urartu)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Çavuştepe — Upper Citadel Store Room (Urartu) in Van, Gürpınar, Çavuştepe, Turkey is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron A…
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Pampa Grande Huaca Fortaleza
Middle Horizon Moche V (600–750 CE, post-Moche IV collapse in south, Pampa Grande phase) · Moche (Moche V, Lambayeque polity)
Moche V (600–750 CE) fortress-pyramid Huaca Fortaleza at Pampa Grande: adobe mass 250×200 m 40 m high truncated with 290 m long ramp west, enclosing plaza 400×250 m, with elite compound atop.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Ancient city
Erebuni Fortress
Urartian (782 BCE Argishti I) · Urartu
Domineering hill citadel (Arin Berd) whose cuneiform foundation stele says Argishti son of Menua built on empty land and brought 6,600 captives.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Fortress of Kurgan Ton
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Fortress of Kurgan Ton in Catamarca, Argentina is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇸🇾 Syria · Fortress
Chastel Rouge
Chastel Rouge, also called Qal’at Yahmur (Arabic: قلعة يحمور, Castle of Yahmur), is a small Crusader stronghold in the North West of Syria that belonged to the County of Tripoli.
🇪🇸 Spain · Fortress
Citadel of Henthorn
Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) · Late Bronze Age
Citadel of Henthorn in Andalusia, Spain is a Late Bronze Age (1550–1050 BCE) fortress attributed to Late Bronze Age culture.
🇵🇱 Poland · Fortress
Golub Castle
Golub Castle (Polish: Zamek w Golubiu) is a four-wing conventional Teutonic fortress built at the turn of the fourteenth century, built on a hill as a look-out point over the whole town of…
🇱🇧 Lebanon · Fortress
Hasbaya
Hasbaya or Hasbeiya (Arabic: حاصبيا, romanized: Ḥāṣbayā) is a municipality in Lebanon, situated at the foot of Mount Hermon, overlooking a deep amphitheatre from which a brook flows to the Hasbani…
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Panel Golden Fortress
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Panel Golden Fortress in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.
🇨🇱 Chile · Fortress
Citadel of Moor
Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) · Neolithic
Citadel of Moor in Coquimbo, Chile is a Neolithic (6000–3000 BCE) fortress attributed to Neolithic culture.
🇦🇱 Albania · Fortress
Fortress of Krujë
The Fortress of Krujë (Albanian: Kalaja e Krujës) is a fortress in the city of Krujë, Albania and the center of Skanderbeg's rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
🇩🇪 Germany · Fortress
Blankenhagen Castle
Blankenhagen Castle (German: Burg Blankenhagen) was a lowland castle (Niederungsburg), whose ruins are located by the River Aller near Grethem in Lower Saxony, Germany.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Fortress
Fortress of Long Kala
Byzantine (330–1453 CE) · Byzantine
Fortress of Long Kala in Petén, Guatemala is a Byzantine (330–1453 CE) fortress attributed to Byzantine culture.
🇦🇷 Argentina · Fortress
Citadel of Baraka
Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) · Hellenistic
Citadel of Baraka in Catamarca, Argentina is a Hellenistic (323–31 BCE) fortress attributed to Hellenistic culture.