🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Paunar
Vakataka (420–550 CE) with Mauryan–Satavahana precursor · Vakataka (Deccan Gupta-age)
Pravarapura—Vakataka capital (420 CE)—700×600 m fortified mound with grid plan on Dham River.
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Tagsfortified-city
10 places carry this tag, across every kind and continent it appears in.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Ancient city
Classic to Early Postclassic (300–1200 CE, walls 900–1200) · Maya (Tojolabal / highland Chiapas)
Fortified Late Classic–Postclassic Maya capital (300–1200 CE, fortification 900–1200) crowning limestone hilltop 250 m above Comitán valley: 60+ structures, walled core (60 ha) with 4.5-m-thick…
🇧🇩 Bangladesh · Ancient city
Gupta to Pala–Sena (450–1200 CE) · Gupta to Pala–Sena (Varendra)
Largest Bangladeshi walled city—120 ha, 4 concentric ramparts (6 km outer), 5th–12th c Gupta–Pala–Sena.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Vakataka (420–550 CE) with Mauryan–Satavahana precursor · Vakataka (Deccan Gupta-age)
Pravarapura—Vakataka capital (420 CE)—700×600 m fortified mound with grid plan on Dham River.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Chalcolithic to Iron Age (c.5500 BCE–600 CE; Hittite capital eastern quarters) · Chalcolithic → Hittite Empire → Phrygian → Iron Age polity → Byzantine
Eastern citadel of Hittite Hattusa on Budaközü gorge — silos and Iron Age polity above Boğazköy.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortified city
Garamantian Early (900–500 BCE pre-Garma) · Early Garamantian hillfort → Garamantian state origin
Zinchecra excavated by Mattingly 1990s, earliest Garamantian fort prior to valley Garama.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Fortified city
Iron Age II (1000–600 BCE) · Moabite Iron Age
Iron Age II (1000–600 BCE) fortified-city of Moabite Iron Age in Karak Governorate, Mujib–Karak Plateau (c.1000 BCE).
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortified city
Garamantian to Early Islamic (500 BCE–1500 CE layered) · Garamantian → Arab Jarma
Jarma excavated by Daniels, Islamic layered above Garamantian capital mound.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Fortified city
Dong Son 3rd c BCE → Han 2nd c BCE → Ngo Quyen 938 CE · Dong Son Au Lac → Han → Dai Viet (Hanoi first capital)
Cổ Loa — spiral-walled citadel city (3rd c BCE–10th c CE) 17 km north Hanoi Old Quarter, excavated 1960s–2010s Nguyen Giang Hai (Vietnam Academy).
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Fortified city
Niger–Benue hillfort tradition (c. 1300–1900 CE; peak 16th–18th c) · Gbagyi / Hausa (Kamberi hill peoples) / Fulani pressures
Inselberg hill fort above Kagara plain with laterite terraces 2 m high, boulder walls (2.1 km) and narrow cleft gates, iron smelting terraces and shrines of Gunnu hill peoples flee...
🇳🇬 Nigeria · Fortified city
Hausa classical (c. 1100–1807 CE; Ganuwa built 13th–14th c) · Hausa (Katsina scholarly centre)
Seven-gate 14 km mud rampart enclosing 405 ha Hausa scholarly city of Gobarau minaret (14th c mudbrick tower 15 m, oldest multi-storey mud in West Africa), manuscript libraries and...
