🇻🇳 Vietnam · Submerged site
Oc Eo – Funan Canal Port, Mekong Delta
Funan to Khmer (2nd c. BCE – 1200 CE) · Funan (Austroasiatic) / Indianized / Khmer
Funan moated canal port 3 km² – brick quay 100 m buried 2 m under Mekong delta paddy.
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CategoriesAncient ports
Harbours, quays and anchorages that moved cargo before the coastline shifted.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Eastern roadstead of Toricos at Gelendzhik Tonkiy Cape — 60 m timber-stone quay at –3 m and roadstead anchors at –4 m.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Submerged site
Funan to Khmer (2nd c. BCE – 1200 CE) · Funan (Austroasiatic) / Indianized / Khmer
Funan moated canal port 3 km² – brick quay 100 m buried 2 m under Mekong delta paddy.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Hellenistic to Early Islamic (c.300 BCE – 700 CE) · Ptolemaic / Roman / Byzantine
Alexandria's wine port on Lake Mareotis — western harbour jetties 0.3–1 m submerged under Mariout floating silt, amphora town.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Western strait emporium of Patrai at Taman Strait — 70 m mole at –3 m and customs quay with moorings.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Western strait emporium of Patrai at Taman Strait — 70 m mole at –3 m and customs quay with moorings.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Ancient city
Funan 2nd–6th c CE → Chenla 6th–9th c → Khmer 9th–12th c · Funan Óc Eo (Mekong Delta) → Chenla → Khmer
Gò Tháp — Funan (Óc Eo culture) port-city centre (2nd–12th c CE) 25 km north Cao Lanh, Thap Muoi Mekong floodplain, excavated 1998–2010s Le Xuan Diem and DAA.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Minoan to Byzantine (c. 2000 BCE – 6th c. CE) · Minoan / Mycenaean / Greek
Knossos' Minoan harbour at Amnisos — villa frescoes and 70 m quay now –1 to –3 m in surf below Eileithyia cave.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Hellenistic (c.600–100 BCE) · Sindian / Toretae with Greek imports
Toretae promontory harbour on Anapa south cape — small ashlar fort and submerged cove 1–3 m, Sindic coast chain between Bata and Gorgippia.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Hellenistic to Early Roman (309 BCE – 100 BCE) · Diadoch Macedonian / Thracian
Hebros delta harbour of Lysimachus's capital Lysimachia — 100 m quay at –1.8 m in Lake Kaminia salt lagoon, Thrace.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Hellenistic to Early Roman (309 BCE – 100 BCE) · Diadoch Macedonian / Thracian
Hebros delta harbour of Lysimachus's capital Lysimachia — 100 m quay at –1.8 m in Lake Kaminia salt lagoon, Thrace.
🇪🇬 Egypt · Buried city
Roman to Medieval (130–700 CE) · Greek / Roman / Egyptian / Hadrianic
Hadrian 130 CE Greek polis where Antinous drowned — 400x120 m Nile harbour grid city 350 ha with 18 m arch.
🇺🇿 Uzbekistan · Ancient city
Hellenistic 4th–3rd c BCE → Kushan 1st–3rd c CE · Greco-Bactrian Oxus port — Alexander → Kushan
Kampyr Tepe Oxus — Greco-Bactrian Oxus port fortress (4th c BCE Alexander → Kushan 2nd c CE) on Amu Darya north bank 30 km west Termez, excavated 1960s–2000s by E.V. Rtveladze (Uzbek Academy).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Submerged site
Archaic to Ottoman (631 BCE – 1923 CE) · Ionian Greek / Pontic / Roman / Byzantine / Seljuk
Milesian 756 BCE via Sinope — 180 m eastern mole at −2 m off Trabzon Ortahisar where Xenophon wintered 30 days.
🇮🇹 Italy · Submerged site
Roman Republican (37 – 12 BCE) · Roman Augustan (Agrippa)
Agrippa's 37 BCE volcanic-rim war harbour joining Lake Avernus to Lucrine Lake — causeway dam now –1 to –6 m under Lucrinus lagoon.
🇩🇪 Germany · Ancient city
Early Medieval Slavic Viking Age 750–900 · Slavic Rani (Rujaner) principality — Rugian Slavs
Ralswiek — Slavic Rani princely port-emporium (c.750–850 CE peak, with 8th c predecessor and 9th–10th c princely hall) on Großer Jasmunder Bodden isthmus, Rügen, controlling lagoon–Bay of Greifswald…
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Medieval (c.580 BCE – 1482 CE) · Mytilenean Greek / Khazar / Kievan Rus
Mytilenean Bosporan polis on Taman hill — lower harbour 1–4 m submerged along Tuzla spit, 2500-year sequence to Tmutarakan Rus.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Late Antique (c.600 BCE – 375 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan Kingdom
Bosporan capital on Mount Mithridat — lower harbour and north-slope warehouses now 0.5–3 m submerged in Kerch Bay.
🇬🇷 Greece · Submerged site
Archaic to Medieval (800 BCE – 1522 CE) · Dorian Greek / Hellenistic / Roman / Venetian
Dodecanese butterfly island — 80 m mole and quays at −3 m beneath Querini castle hill and at Kaminakia Bay 36.5171N.
🇬🇪 Georgia · Submerged site
Greek to Byzantine (6th c. BCE Greek emporion – 14th c. patriarchate) · Milesian Greek / Roman / Byzantine Colchian–Abkhaz
Northernmost Black Sea Roman fortress — east wall and mole now –0.5 to –4 m on Pitsunda lagoon-sea spit.
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Archaic to Roman (c.550 BCE – 240 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan
Kerch Strait narrows emporium — lower harbour 1.5–4 m submerged on Taman spit opposite Kerch, controls Bosporus passage.
🇹🇳 Tunisia · Submerged site
Punic to Byzantine (5th c. BCE – 6th c. CE) · Punic / Roman Byzacena
Tyrian purple-dye port with murex basins and moles half in surf at Ras Boutria cape, wealthy enough to mint double coins.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Submerged site
Archaic to Hellenistic (c. 700–100 BCE) · Ionian Greek / Persian
Ionian wine harbour – 110 m Archaic mole at –1 m off Sığacık.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Submerged site
Seleucid to Byzantine (c. 280 BCE – 1200 CE) · Seleucid Greek / Carian / Byzantine
Maeander river harbour 18 km inland – quay buried 5 m at Kuyucak plain.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Pyramid
Maya Classic (Late Classic palace) · Maya (Highland-Pasión portage traders)
Maya water-palace city Cancuén (400–800 CE): 230×150 m largest Maya palace (170 rooms) with attached shrine-pyramids on Pasión River, sacked c.800 CE with elite massacre in cistern.
