Early Scythian (pre-Kelermes to Kelermes phase, 8th–7th c BCE aftermath of Near Eastern campaign) · North Caucasian Scythian–Meotian (Cimmerian substrate + returning Scythian)

Adygean Scythian–Cimmerian kurgans (670–640 BCE) with Assyrian mirror and earliest gold-scabbard akinakes.

🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art

Ignatievka Cave (Yamazy-Tash)

Upper Palaeolithic to Medieval (18 ka BCE – 15th c. CE) · Upper Palaeolithic South Ural (Mal'ta-related) with Mesolithic and Iron Age ritual visitors

South Ural ice cave with Venus-mammoth charcoal paintings 14 ka and red dot calendar.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Porthmion — Chushka Spit Harbour at Chushka North (Kerch Strait Chushka)

Classical to Late Antique (5th c. BCE – 370 CE) · Bosporan Greek

Chushka Spit ferry harbour of Porthmion at Kerch Strait — 100 m rubble causeway at –2 m with wheel ruts and customs quay 60 m.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Bata — Gelendzhik Bay Northern Cape Anchorage

Archaic to Byzantine (550 BCE – 600 CE) · Sindian / Toretae / Bosporan

Northern reef roadstead off Gelendzhik — 90 m enhanced reef at 4–6 m with moorings linked to Bata chora.

🇷🇺 Russia · Cave

Mal'ta Burial 14 Figurine Cache

Upper Palaeolithic (35000–12000 BP) · Upper Palaeolithic

Mal'ta Burial 14 Figurine Cache in Irkutsk, Mal'ta, Russia is a Upper Palaeolithic (35000–12000 BP) cave attributed to Upper Palaeolithic.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Hermonassa — Southern Mole Harbour on Tuzla Spit South (Taman)

Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan

Southern Strait mole of Hermonassa on Tuzla South — 180 m rubble mole at –3 m controlling Kerch Strait.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Hermonassa — Southern Mole Harbour on Tuzla Spit South (Taman) — v2

Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan

Southern Strait mole of Hermonassa on Tuzla South — 180 m rubble mole at –3 m controlling Kerch Strait.

🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art

Kalbak-Tash II Yaloman North Terrace

Neolithic to Turkic Khaganate · Afanasievo, Okunev, Andronovo, Saka-Pazyryk, Turkic

North bank Yaloman terrace 1.8 km upstream of main Kalbak-Tash with elk-boat panels.

🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus

Ulu Kurgan (Bolshoy Kurgan) — Bashkir Steppe Sarmatian Royal Mound (Bashkortostan)

Late Sarmatian (1st c BCE–1st c CE, Prokhorovka to Alan transition) · Late Sarmatian (Bashkir Prokhorovka–Alan transition)

Bashkir steppe Sarmatian chieftain mound (30 BCE–60 CE) 42 m with scale-armour horse and Parthian faience.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Patrai — Western Emporium Anchorage at Taman Strait (Western Strait) — v2

Archaic to Late Antique (600 BCE – 400 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan

Western strait emporium of Patrai at Taman Strait — 70 m mole at –3 m and customs quay with moorings.

🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus

Salbyk Extended Kurgan Terrace – Khakassia

Tagar (Scythian-type Early Iron Age) · Tagar

18 Tagar satellite kurgans (700–300 BCE) on Salbyk terrace — hierarchy around Great Salbyk mega-mound.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Hermonassa — Submerged Harbour and Lower Town (Taman / Tuzla)

Archaic to Medieval (c.580 BCE – 1482 CE) · Mytilenean Greek / Khazar / Kievan Rus

Mytilenean Bosporan polis on Taman hill — lower harbour 1–4 m submerged along Tuzla spit, 2500-year sequence to Tmutarakan Rus.

🇷🇺 Russia · Kurgan

Khokhlach Kurgan (Sarmatian Novocherkassk Hoard)

Early Iron Age; Sarmatian (Middle Sarmatian) Alanic · Scythian → Sarmatian (Sirachi/Alanic)

1st c. CE Sarmatian elite kurgan with Novocherkassk gold hoard — catacomb chamber, gold diadem, Parthian silver and Bosporan imports, Azov Sarmatian apogee.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Gorgippia — Submerged Harbour Quarter (Anapa Bay)

Classical to Roman (c.400 BCE – 240 CE) · Sindian Greek / Bosporan

Sindian port turned Bosporan city under Anapa — 40 ha grid with harbour quarter 1–2.5 m submerged off beach, museum in city centre.

🇷🇺 Russia · Archaeological wonder

Arzhan Royal Kurgan

Early Scythian (~900–700 BCE) · Aldy-Bel / Arzhan (early Scythian–Siberian)

Enormous 120-m stone platform kurgan in the Uyuk depression, where archaeologists led by Gryaznov and later Chugunov uncovered a radial larch log mortuary house with central royal double burial and…

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Phanagoria Eastern Harbour — Taman Peninsula Extension

Greek–Pontic (543 BCE–400 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan Kingdom

Phanagoria Eastern Harbour — Taman Peninsula Extension in Krasnodar Krai, Russia is a Greek–Pontic (543 BCE–400 CE) submerged-city attributed to Milesian Greek / Bosporan Kingdom.

🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus

Uyuk Valley Kurgans

Early Iron Age, Aldy-Bel to Sagly · Aldy-Bel to Sagly Saka, Tuva

15 Saka kurgans (750-500 BCE) in Uyuk Valley elite line with rank-size hierarchy and Chu silk, satellite to Arzhan royals.

🇷🇺 Russia · Rock art

Kapova Cave (Shulgan-Tash)

Upper Palaeolithic (Gravettian to Magdalenian) · Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers (Eastern Gravettian / South Ural Epipalaeolithic)

Urals Palaeolithic painted cave with 195 mammoth-horse figures 36–14 ka, easternmost Old World cave art.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Bata — Cape Pashennaya Anchorage (Gelendzhik Bay North)

Archaic to Hellenistic (550 BCE – 50 BCE) · Sindian / Milesian Greek / Bosporan

Cape roadstead of Bata on Gelendzhik Bay — 50 m breakwater at –3.5 m and quay at –2.8 m.

🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus

Sintashta–Arkaim Barrow Graves (Sintashta Cemetery & Arkaim Necropolis)

Middle Bronze Age (Sintashta–Petrovka) · Sintashta (Country of Towns)

40+ Sintashta chariot kurgans (2050–1800 BCE) — earliest spoke-wheeled chariot graves, Indo-Iranian horizon.

🇷🇺 Russia · Tumulus

Shalobolino Kurgans

Early Iron Age Tagar culture 700-400 BCE · Tagar (Minusinsk Basin)

700 BCE Tagar royal kurgans (8 mounds, 40-85 m) on Yenisei terrace co-located with 3,000-panel rock-art cliff at Shalobolino.

🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site

Phanagoria — Tuzla Spit Western Anchorage (Taman Peninsula)

Archaic to Late Antique (543 BCE – 600 CE) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan Kingdom

Western roadstead of Phanagoria 2–4 m under Taman Bay west of Tuzla Spit — timber jetties and salting quarter 220 m offshore.

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112 places · page 2 of 5

Arzhan 2 Royal Kurgan

Hermonassa — Northern Tuzla Bay Harbour (Taman Bay North)

Kelermes Royal Kurgan — Ciscaucasian Scythian Chieftain (Adygea, Kuban)

Ignatievka Cave (Yamazy-Tash)

Porthmion — Chushka Spit Harbour at Chushka North (Kerch Strait Chushka)

Bata — Gelendzhik Bay Northern Cape Anchorage

Mal'ta Burial 14 Figurine Cache

Hermonassa — Southern Mole Harbour on Tuzla Spit South (Taman)

Hermonassa — Southern Mole Harbour on Tuzla Spit South (Taman) — v2

Kalbak-Tash II Yaloman North Terrace

Ulu Kurgan (Bolshoy Kurgan) — Bashkir Steppe Sarmatian Royal Mound (Bashkortostan)

Patrai — Western Emporium Anchorage at Taman Strait (Western Strait) — v2

Salbyk Extended Kurgan Terrace – Khakassia

Hermonassa — Submerged Harbour and Lower Town (Taman / Tuzla)

Khokhlach Kurgan (Sarmatian Novocherkassk Hoard)

Gorgippia — Submerged Harbour Quarter (Anapa Bay)

Arzhan Royal Kurgan

Phanagoria Eastern Harbour — Taman Peninsula Extension

Uyuk Valley Kurgans

Kapova Cave (Shulgan-Tash)

Bata — Cape Pashennaya Anchorage (Gelendzhik Bay North)

Sintashta–Arkaim Barrow Graves (Sintashta Cemetery & Arkaim Necropolis)

Shalobolino Kurgans

Phanagoria — Tuzla Spit Western Anchorage (Taman Peninsula)

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112 places · page 2 of 5