🇱🇾 Libya · Ancient city
Apollonia of Cyrenaica
Archaic Greek to Byzantine (630 BCE–7th c CE) · Greek / Hellenistic / Roman / Byzantine
Cyrene's port with double submerged harbour at -2.5 m, theatre and Governor's mosaics.
🇰🇪 Kenya · Archaeological wonder
Thimlich Ohinga
Late Iron Age (15th–19th c CE) · Luo (Bantu-Luo Nilotic) / Gusii
UNESCO Luo walled town Thimlich Ohinga — 4-m dry-stone walls enclosing hill settlement.
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Wiracochapampa
Middle Horizon (600 – 800 CE) · Wari (Huari)
Wiracochapampa in La Libertad, Peru is a Middle Horizon (600 – 800 CE) ancient city attributed to Wari (Huari) culture.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Amri
Amri IA–IB (4000–3000) → Kot Diji (3000–2600) → Harappan · Amri culture / Nal-related → Early Harappan
Chalcolithic type-site for Amri culture (c.4000–3000 BCE) on the west bank of the Indus in Dadu/Jamshoro, Sindh — 4 ha mound with four periods: Amri IA–IB (thin red ware with geometric black…
🇸🇩 Sudan · Ancient city
Askut Island Fortress
Middle Kingdom to X-Group (1860–500 BCE peak 1850 BCE) · Ancient Egyptian occupier
Mid-Nile island kite-fort Askut guarding Second Cataract channel.
🇪🇸 Spain · Ancient city
Castro de Santa Trega — A Guarda
Iron Age (c.600 BCE–100 CE) · Castro culture (Gallaeci Bracari, Celtic)
Castro de Santa Trega (Iron Age c.600–0 BCE, revived 100 BCE–100 CE) crowns the 341-m Santa Tegra mountain at the Miño–Atlantic confluence overlooking Portugal, a 7-hectare terraced castro-city of…
🇵🇹 Portugal · Ancient city
Cividade de Terroso — Póvoa de Varzim
Late Bronze to Roman (c.900 BCE–100 CE) · Castro culture (Calaici–Bracari coastal)
Cividade de Terroso (Late Bronze Age–Roman, c.900 BCE–100 CE) on a 153-m hill 5 km east of Póvoa de Varzim beach is the coastal anchor of the Ave–Cávado castro system, a 12-hectare walled town with…
🇺🇦 Ukraine · Ancient city
Maydanets
Chalcolithic Trypillia B2 (c.3800–3600 BCE) · Cucuteni-Trypillia (Western Trypillia)
Maydanets (Maidanetske) — giant Cucuteni-Trypillia B2 mega-settlement (c.3800–3600 BCE, 200–260 ha, ~1,575–2,900 houses, 9,000–46,000 estimates) on Talyanka River, Cherkasy.
🇱🇾 Libya · Submerged site
Apollonia of Cyrenaica – Submerged Harbour at Marsa Susa
Archaic to Byzantine (631 BCE inland Cyrene; port 6th c. BCE – 7th c. CE Arab) · Dor Greek / Hellenistic / Roman / Byzantine
Cyrene port on the Libyan limestone coast — moles and shipsheds now 2–4 m under crystal water at Marsa Susa after AD 365 quake.
🇮🇳 India · Temple complex
Bharhut Satna Stupa
Mauryan Ashoka → Sunga 3rd–1st c BCE · Sunga Buddhist Hinayana — early narrative sculpture
Bharhut Satna Stupa — Sunga–Satavahana Buddhist stupa (3rd c BCE Ashokan nucleus, 2nd c BCE Sunga rail decoration) at Bharhut 15 km Satna, discovered 1873 by Cunningham with 40 ft stupa, red…
🇹🇯 Tajikistan · Ancient city
Bunjikat (Shahristan Bunjikat)
Sogdian 5th–8th c → Early Islamic 8th–9th c CE · Ustrushana Sogdian (Shahriston) → Samanid
Bunjikat — capital of Ustrushana (5th–9th c CE) 40 km SE Khujand, excavated 1940s–90s Negmatov (Tajik Academy).
🇲🇽 Mexico · Archaeological wonder
Mitla
Postclassic 900–1521 CE (Mitla peak 1200–1520, Post-Monte Albán valley floor relocation) · Zapotec + Mixtec (Mixe-Zapotec, later Aztec tributary; Zapotec Lyobaa)
Postclassic Zapotec-Mixtec mortuary city and living palace center (900–1521 CE) abutting Monte Albán collapse population shift to valley floor: unparalleled geometric fret mosaic (grecas) facades…
🇧🇬 Bulgaria · Submerged site
Apollonia Pontica (Sozopol) – Submerged Necropolis & Anchorage
Archaic to Late Antiquity (610 BCE – 6th c. CE) · Milesian Greek / Thracian / Roman / Byzantine
610 BCE Milesian colony whose harbours are now –6 m and linked to the vanished island Kianida of Ptolemy's map.
🇨🇿 Czech Republic · Ancient city
Pohansko
Early Medieval Great Moravia 780–907 (Mojmirid) · Great Moravian Slavs (Mojmirid dynasty, Carolingian imports)
Pohansko — Great Moravian agglomeration (late 8th–10th c, peak 830–900) 3 km south Břeclav at Dyje–Morava confluence, 28 ha central fort + 2 suburbs = 50 ha total.
🇱🇹 Lithuania · Fortress
Vilnius Lower Castle
Medieval–Renaissance Lithuania 1323–1655 (Gediminas → Vasa) · Grand Duchy of Lithuania (Gediminid–Jagiellonian–Vasa)
Vilnius Lower Castle (Valdovų rūmai) — stately Renaissance palace of Grand Dukes of Lithuania (Gediminas c.1323 foundation, 15th–17th c Renaissance florescence Sigismund Old–Vasa) at foot of…
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Baba Jan Tepe
Iron Age I–II (1200–700 BCE; Phase II c.1000 BCE, Phase I c.800 BCE) · Central Zagros Iron Age (Luristan) → Median zone
Nurabad Iron Age pillared hall — 12-column prototype of Persian apadana.
🇪🇹 Ethiopia · Ancient city
Harar Jugol — Fortified Historic Town
Medieval Islamic (10th–19th c) · Harari / Adal Sultanate / Oromo
Harar Jugol is the 48 ha fortified historic town of Harar, Ethiopia, enclosed by 16th-century 3.3 km limestone walls (Jugol) with 5 gates, considered the fourth holiest city of Islam with 110 mosques…
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Hermonassa — Submerged Harbour and Lower Town (Taman / Tuzla)
Archaic to Medieval (c.580 BCE – 1482 CE) · Mytilenean Greek / Khazar / Kievan Rus
Mytilenean Bosporan polis on Taman hill — lower harbour 1–4 m submerged along Tuzla spit, 2500-year sequence to Tmutarakan Rus.
🇺🇦 Ukraine / Russia (disputed) · Submerged site
Nymphaion – Bosporan Vine City on Geroevka Cape
Archaic to Medieval (570 BCE – 13th c. CE; port antique) · Ionian Greek / Bosporan / Pontic / Byzantine
Bosporan wine port with Dionysus sanctuary — chalk-cliff city whose harbour now 2–4 m under Kerch Strait.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Ancient city
Yaxhá
Preclassic–Late Classic · Maya (Eastern Petén)
Lacustrine Maya city (600 BCE–900 CE) on north shore of Lake Yaxhá, with 500+ structures: North Acropolis 23 m twin pyramids, Main Plazas, South Acropolis, twin ballcourts, island...
🇷🇺 Russia · Submerged site
Pantikapaion — Harbour and Submerged North Slope (Kerch Bay)
Archaic to Late Antique (c.600 BCE – 375 CE) · Milesian Greek / Bosporan Kingdom
Bosporan capital on Mount Mithridat — lower harbour and north-slope warehouses now 0.5–3 m submerged in Kerch Bay.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Sirsukh
Kushan 1st–3rd c CE → Gupta → Hepthalite 5th c · Kushan Gandhara (Taxila valley)
Sirsukh — last great city of Taxila (late 1st c CE–mid 5th c CE) 2 km NE Sirkap, Taxila valley, founded under Kushan Kujula Kadphises/Kanishka after 80 CE.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Tell Bi'a (Tuttul)
Early Bronze to Old Babylonian (Ebla to Hammurabi) · Semitic Ebla-Mari–Akkadian world, Dagan cult
Holy city of god Dagan at Euphrates-Balikh mouth, tell Bi'a = Early Dynastic Tuttul (c.2600–1700 BCE) where Ebla tablets locate Dagan's oracle and Sargon of Akkad stopped for blessing.
🇦🇫 Afghanistan · Ancient city
Begram Bagram Kushan City
Greco-Bactrian 2nd c BCE → Kushan 1st–3rd c CE → Sassanid sack 245 CE · Greco-Bactrian → Kushan (Kapisa capital) — Gandhara-Silk Road
Begram Bagram Kushan City — ancient Kapisa (Kapisha), summer capital of Kushan Empire (1st–3rd c CE) at Panjshir–Ghorband confluence 50 km NE Kabul, excavated 1923–40 by J. Hackin and R.