🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Marcahuamachuco
Early Intermediate to Middle Horizon (400 – 800 CE) · Huamachuco / Wari-related
Marcahuamachuco in La Libertad, Peru is a Early Intermediate to Middle Horizon (400 – 800 CE) ancient city attributed to Huamachuco / Wari-related culture.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Pacopampa
Formative (Pacopampa Early–Late) · Cupisnique / Chavinoid (Northern Highlands Formative)
Mountaintop ceremonial citadel (1200–500 BCE) on 2430-m Querocoto peak with three massive platforms, sunken courts, elite shaft tomb of Priest of Pacopampa (900 BCE) with gold crow...
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Huari Castle — Huari Province? (Actually Markansaya?)
Early Intermediate (1–600 CE) · Recuay / Huaraz
Huari Castle — Huari Province? (Actually Markansaya?) in Ancash Region, Peru is a Early Intermediate (1–600 CE) fortress attributed to Recuay / Huaraz.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture
Kuélap — North Citadel Wall Ancillary (Chachapoyas) in Amazonas, Kuélap, Peru is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age f…
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Sacsayhuamán — Muyucmarca Tower Base North (Cusco)
Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) · Iron Age fortified culture; Inca
Sacsayhuamán — Muyucmarca Tower Base North (Cusco) in Cusco, Sacsayhuamán, Peru is a Iron Age to Classical (700 BCE–300 CE) fortress attributed to Iron Age…
🇵🇪 Peru · Hillfort
Wacheqsa Hill Fort — Conchucos
Early Intermediate (Recuay 200 BCE–600 CE) · Recuay (Pashash)
Wacheqsa Hill Fort — Conchucos in Ancash Region, Peru is a Early Intermediate (Recuay 200 BCE–600 CE) hillfort attributed to Recuay (Pashash).
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Pashash
Early Intermediate – Middle Horizon (c.200 BCE–800 CE) Recuay – Wari · Recuay (Pashash) – Wari
Pashash crowns a defensible mesa above Cabana in the northern Callejón, Ancash, at 3,225 m. As the,type-capital of the Recuay-Pashash culture (200 BCE–800 CE), its stone palace-fortress encloses…
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Pampa Grande Pyramid (Huaca Fortaleza)
Late Moche (Moche V, 600–750) · Moche (Late Moche Galindo-Pampa Grande)
Latest Moche capital Pampa Grande (600–750 CE): 38 m Huaca Fortaleza mudbrick pyramid (~290k m³) with hilltop fortress and 1200 workshops, final Moche mega-city.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Paramonga — Fortaleza de Paramonga Stair-Pyramid Border Fort
Chimú (1100–1470 CE border fortress 30 m high pyramidal fortress) later Inca 1470 reused · Chimú border fort vs Chancay/Inca; Inca reused as border 1470
Paramonga fort excavated by Cieza and Middendorf.
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Pampa Grande — Huaca Fortaleza Chimú Border Pyramid
Moche Late (600–750 CE Transitional Moche V state, crucial 2012 Pampa Grande polity) · Late Moche → Wari overlap 750 collapse
Pampa Grande excavated by Shimada— 600–750 Moche V large city border.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Acaray Fortress
Late Intermediate – Late Horizon (c.900–1470 CE) Huaura – Chancay – Inca · Huaura – Chancay (Coastal)
Acaray (often misattributed as 'Inca fortress') crowns a tabular hill 6 km inland in the lower Huaura Valley, Lima, at 250 m.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Apurlec — Chimu-Cusco Wall Border Fort Motupillo
Chimú to Inca border (1200–1470 Chimú; 1470 Inca modified La Frontera) · Chimú → Inca Chimu-Inca frontier wall Motupillo (Pativilca analog)
Apurlec surveyed by Kosok, 10 km walls.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Kuelap — Chachapoya Cloud Fortress Ridge
Chachapoya (600–1470 CE) pre-Inca Chachapoya, later Inca garrison 1470 · Chachapoya (Warriors of the Clouds) → Inca
Amazonas Kuelap excavated by Langlois 1930s, 584 m fortress Walls breach 20 m, 412 houses, Chachapoya cloud city.
🇵🇪 Peru · Megalith
Sacsayhuamán
Inca Imperial, 15th century; possibly Killke antecedents · Inca
Cyclopean fortress-temple complex 2 km northwest of Cusco with three zigzagging dry-stone ramparts of limestone blocks up to 120 tonnes and 9 m high, fitted without mortar with sub-millimeter…
🇵🇪 Peru · Ancient city
Vitcos-Rosaspata
Late Horizon Inca Resistance 1536–1572 · Inca (Neo-Inca State)
Inca Vilcabamba resistance capital: Rosaspata palace, Yurak Rumi 2.5 m white shrine and Ñusta Hispana.
🇵🇪 Peru · Fortress
Waqrapukara
Late Intermediate – Inca (c.1100–1532 CE) · Kana – Colla – Wari – Inca
Waqrapukara (Quechua waqra horn + pukara fortress) is a spectacular condor-shaped citadel perched at 4,110 m on the Apurímac canyon rim near Pomacanchi, Cusco.