🇴🇲 Oman · Hydraulic works
Aflaj al-Ain Nizwa Branch — Daudi Falaj Highland Channel
Sasanian to Islamic · Omani, Sasanian Persian, Ibadi
Nizwa Daudi mother well 30 m with 8-km tunnel and shari'a sharing basin, UNESCO aflaj highland branch.
🇹🇿 Tanzania · Earthwork
Engaruka
Iron Age Iraqw / Sonjo (15th–19th c intensive agricultural) · Iraqw / Sonjo (Datoga/Maasai pressure oral)
3,000 ha irrigated stone terrace and furrow system with 500+ compounds and 5 km canals on Rift escarpment – irrigation without state.
🇮🇷 Iran · Temple complex
Takht-e Soleyman — Throne of Solomon and Azargoshnasb Fire Temple
Sasanian Empire 224–651 CE (peak 5th–7th century) → Ilkhanid 13th century reuse · Sasanian Zoroastrian → Ilkhanid Mongol Islamic palace phase
Sasanian Great Fire temple on a 120 m artesian lake — shahs' coronation sanctuary, later Ilkhanid palace.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Wadi Jirdan East Spate Dam (Eastern Hadramawt Jirdan Spate Canal System)
Himyarite to Zaydi 380–980 CE Hadramawt east · Himyarite Jirdan Hadramawt then Zaydi highland (Yemen)
Dual spate weirs 85+62×2.8 m gabion with 4 spillways 12 m feeding 6.2 km distributary 38 ha: Himyarite 380 Zaydi 980.
🇵🇪 Peru · Hydraulic works
Cumbemayo Aqueduct, Cajamarca
Andean Formative (Early Horizon) · Cajamarca (Cumbemayo culture) pre-Chavín
Andean 9-km zigzag rock-cut canal 1500 BCE with zigzag flow-slowing and Frailones hoodoos.
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Hydraulic works
Tara and Burj Karez System (Pishin Valley, Balochistan)
Early Modern on Iron Age antecedent (Achaemenid wad?) · Baloch / Brahui oasis with Afghan karez diffusion
Balochistan karez (fog-qanat) field (1,680 m, 30°12′N 67°03′E 30.20,67.05) in Pishin Lora valley between Khwaja Amran and Takht-i-Sulaiman ranges; twin karez Tara (1.8 km) and Burj (2.3 km) with…
🇵🇪 Peru · Hydraulic works
Nazca Puquios Aqueducts
Nasca culture, Early Intermediate (~500 BCE – 600 CE; puquios ~300–600 CE) · Nasca (Nazca)
Unique Andean hydraulic analog to Persian qanats: 36 puquios, each a stone-lined infiltration gallery tapping sub-river gravel aquifers, ventilated by corkscrew stone spirals descending to the…
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Sagalassos
Hellenistic to Early Byzantine (classical antiquity to c.640 CE earthquake) · Pisidian → Hellenistic → Roman Imperial → Byzantine
Pisidian highland Roman city at 1,600 m with restored Antonine Nymphaeum and cliff theatre.