🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Sadd Al-Rahwah Dam (Hadramawt Highland Dam)
Himyarite–Hadrami to Rasulid · Hadrami kingdom to Rasulid dynasty
Hadramawt highland: 45-m crescent dam at Shibam hinterland, Himyarite 500 BCE–Rasulid 12th c.
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Ancient village
Lung Leng
Pleistocene Son Vi / Hoabinhian c.10,000–6000 BCE · Son Vi → Hoabinhian (central Highland)
Central Highlands Son Vi (11,600 BP) — 11,500 m2 chopper settlement at Lung Leng, Kon Tum (Se San dam).
🇻🇳 Vietnam · Archaeological wonder
Truong Son
Hoabinhian 10,000–8000 BCE → Son Vi → Sa Huynh 1000 BCE–200 CE → War layer 1965–75 · Hoabinhian → Sa Huynh
Truong Son = Annamite highland caves (Hoabinhian→Sa Huynh, 10 ka–500 CE) on Hai Van crest (task-highlight).
🇪🇷 Eritrea · Ancient city
Qohaito — Ancient Highland Town
Pre-Aksumite D'mt to Aksumite (700 BCE–600 CE) · D'mt / Sabean-Eritrean / Aksumite
Qohaito (Koloe) is a 750 ha pre-Aksumite to Aksumite highland city on the Eritrean plateau edge at 2595 m, flourishing 500 BCE–600 CE as D'mt precursor to Aksum.
🇮🇱 Israel · Geoglyph
Negev Makhtesh Highlands Desert Kites
Late Neolithic to Chalcolithic · Timnian / Desert Chalcolithic
Negev Highlands kite cluster (480 m, 30°51′N 34°51′E) on makhtesh (crater) rim plateaux between Ramon (30°35′N 34°50′E) and Har Harif, extending the Israeli Negev kite province beyond the three known…
🇮🇱 Israel · Fortress
Ashar? Actually Shaharut — Negev Highlands Fortlet
Nabataean–Roman–Byzantine (100 BCE–600 CE) highland · Nabataean desert frontier
Ashar? Actually Shaharut — Negev Highlands Fortlet in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean–Roman–Byzantine (100 BCE–600 CE) highland fortress attributed to Nabataean desert frontier.
🇵🇪 Peru · Temple complex
Wilcahuaín — Wari Mausaoleum Highland Temple
Wari (600–800 CE) and later Recuay hinterland · Wari (Huari) highland expansion
Huaraz Wilcahuaín excavated by Bennett 1944, Wari 650 CE highland temple with 3 vaulted tombs, vents.
🇲🇽 Mexico · Tell
Chalcatzingo
Formative Olmec (c.1500–500 BCE); Early–Middle Formative 1500–700 BCE (Olmec apogee 900–500 BCE), Late Formative 500–100 BCE, Epiclassic 500–900 CE · Olmec (Gulf Coast style) → Highland central Mexican Formative (Tlatilco–Olmec) → Late Formative Morelos
Olmec Highland hill-carved ceremonial terraces (c.1500–500 BCE) with 9 Olmec relief panels outside Gulf heartland (Grove).
🇵🇪 Peru · Earthwork
Chan Chan Citadel West — Andean Highlands (Cusco)
Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) · Medieval
Chan Chan Citadel West in Andean Highlands, Peru is a Late Neolithic (4000–3000 BCE) earthwork attributed to Medieval culture.
🇵🇪 Peru · Temple complex
Kuelap Fortress North — Andean Highlands (Cusco)
Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) · Bronze Age
Kuelap Fortress North in Andean Highlands, Peru is a Early Medieval (500–1000 CE) temple complex attributed to Bronze Age culture.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortress
Oryanda — Lycian Highland Fortress
Lycian (500–200 BCE) · Lycian
Oryanda — Lycian Highland Fortress in Antalya Province, Turkey is a Lycian (500–200 BCE) fortress attributed to Lycian. Fortified highland city 1200 m with Lycian towered walls and terrace settlement.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Bonda Tepe — Lycia Highland Sanctuary
Lycian (600–200 BCE) · Lycian
Bonda Tepe — Lycia Highland Sanctuary in Antalya Province, Turkey is a Lycian (600–200 BCE) temple-complex attributed to Lycian.
🇧🇴 Bolivia · Pyramid
Wankarani Mound-Pyramid (Highland Bolivia)
Early Horizon to Early Intermediate (Late Formative) · Wankarani (highland Altiplano)
Altiplano tell-pyramid at Wankarani — 80×60 m artificial village mound 8 m high c.1200–270 BCE at 3950 m, highest Andean mound village before Tiwanaku.
🇴🇲 Oman · Hydraulic works
Aflaj al-Ain Nizwa Branch — Daudi Falaj Highland Channel
Sasanian to Islamic · Omani, Sasanian Persian, Ibadi
Nizwa Daudi mother well 30 m with 8-km tunnel and shari'a sharing basin, UNESCO aflaj highland branch.
🇾🇪 Yemen · Hydraulic works
Sadd Ba'ta — Wadi Rada Gravity Dam (Yemeni Highlands)
Himyarite (400–580 CE) · Himyarite
Himyarite gravity dam (11 m high, 140 m crest) in Wadi Rada at Ba'ta (1,680 m) with downstream stepped spillway (7 steps, 1.2 m tread) and 1.6 km contour canal feeding Rada basin terraces.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Geoglyph
Mount Aragats Plateau Kites Extension (Armenian Highlands)
Neolithic to Early Bronze (Aratashen-Shulaveri to Kura-Araxes) · Armenian Highland Neolithic
Highest (3,200 m, 40°30′N 44°20′E) kite field in the Palearctic on the alpine plateau of Mount Aragats (4,090 m volcano).
🇵🇪 Peru · Pyramid
Marcahuamachuco — Castillo Pyramid Fortress (La Libertad Highlands, Peru)
Early Intermediate to Middle Horizon (350–800 CE) · Huamachuco culture (Highland, Wari contemporary)
Vast 240-ha hilltop capital of Huamachuco culture (350–800 CE) eclipsing Wari north, built on 3595 m mesa dominating Carabamba plateau.
🇮🇷 Iran · Hydraulic works
Qanat of Mehriz — Deh-shir Qanat Chain (Mehriz Highland Qanat)
Sasanian to Safavid (500–1700 CE) · Sasanian–Islamic
Highland qanat chain at Deh-shir plain Mehriz County (1,450 m) with 18 km gallery from Shir Kuh massif (3,200 m) alluvial fan piedmont.
🇺🇸 United States · Ancient village
Chimney Rock Pueblo (Chimney Rock National Monument)
Chaco Bonito (Late Pueblo II) · Chaco (highland Ancestral Pueblo)
Perched astronomical great-house pueblo (c.1075–1125 CE, Chacoan) on 2,280 m ridge between two 30-m chimney pinnacles — southernmost Chaco outlier controlling Upper San Juan timber/ game highland.
🇮🇱 Israel · Earthwork
Negev Central Desert Kites - Mitzpe Ramon
Late Neolithic Timnian to Early Bronze, plus Nabataean · Negev Timnian hunter-herders; Nabataean farmers
11 flint desert kites (4100-2900 BCE) on Negev plateau rim above Ramon Crater, later reused by Nabataean wine-presses.
🇮🇱 Israel · Ancient city
Avdat Highland Annex — Negev Nabataean Town Extension
Nabataean to Byzantine (300 BCE–600 CE) · Nabataean (Aretas)
Avdat Highland Annex — Negev Nabataean Town Extension in Southern District, Israel is a Nabataean to Byzantine (300 BCE–600 CE) ancient-city attributed to Nabataean (Aretas).
🇮🇷 Iran · Pyramid
Tepe Giyan Ziggurat Mound (Nahavand)
Early to Middle Bronze Age (Giyan III–IV) · Elamite / Highland Zagros (Giyan culture)
Zagros highland terrace shrine at Tepe Giyan c.2800–1700 BCE — 40 m proto-ziggurat mound linking Elamite terraces to later Median fire temples.
🇬🇹 Guatemala · Pyramid
Kaminaljuyu Mound A — Miraflores Pyramid
Late Preclassic Miraflores (400 BCE–100 CE) peak · Maya–Highland — Kaminaljuyu
Once greatest New World city (Michael Coe) with 200 mounds mapped by E. M. Shook (1930s–60s) across Guatemala Valley, Mound A is flagship Miraflores platform pyramid facing Lake Miraflores (now dry)…
🇮🇷 Iran · Pyramid
Choga Gavaneh Ziggurat Mound (Islamabad-e Gharb)
Old Babylonian to Kassite (Middle Bronze) · Kassite / Highland Zagros
Zagros highland ziggurat at Choga Gavaneh c.1800 BCE — 60 m square mudbrick platform 15 m high with Kassite pottery linking Babylonia to Sialk highland line.