🇧🇩 Bangladesh · Ancient city
Bhitargarh Fortified City
Gupta to Pala–Sena (450–1200 CE) · Gupta to Pala–Sena (Varendra)
Largest Bangladeshi walled city—120 ha, 4 concentric ramparts (6 km outer), 5th–12th c Gupta–Pala–Sena.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Karkemish
Late Bronze Age to Iron Age (c.1400–717 BCE) with Neolithic–Medieval overburden · Hittite viceregal → Neo-Hittite Luwian/Aramaean
Syro-Hittite capital on Euphrates (90 ha twin-mound, basalt orthostats, Storm-God reliefs) at Turkey–Syria border.
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Ahicchatra
Mahajanapada 600 BCE → Gupta 4th–6th c CE · Northern Panchala Mahajanapada → Mauryan → Gupta
Ahicchatra — capital of Northern Panchala Mahajanapada (c.600 BCE–1100 CE) near Ramnagar, Bareilly district, excavated 1940s–60s by ASI (V.K. Sinha).
🇮🇳 India · Ancient city
Maheshwar Narmada Ghat Settlement
Chalcolithic 1600 BCE → Early Historic 6th c BCE → Paramara 10th c → Holkar 1760s · Malwa → Mahishmati Mahabharata → Paramara–Holkar
Maheshwar Narmada Ghat Settlement — ancient Mahishmati (Mahabharata, Kalidasa) on Narmada ghat 2 km north of Navdatoli, excavated with Navdatoli 1952–57 showing Early Historic Mart 6th c BCE → Gupta…
🇵🇰 Pakistan · Ancient city
Sirsukh
Kushan 1st–3rd c CE → Gupta → Hepthalite 5th c · Kushan Gandhara (Taxila valley)
Sirsukh — last great city of Taxila (late 1st c CE–mid 5th c CE) 2 km NE Sirkap, Taxila valley, founded under Kushan Kujula Kadphises/Kanishka after 80 CE.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Mansourah — Marinid Fortified City of Tlemcen
Marinid (1299–1307 CE) · Berber Marinid / Zayyanid
Mansourah is the 1299–1307 Marinid siege-camp turned fortified city 4 km W of Tlemcen, built by Sultan Abu Yaqub to blockade Zayyanid Tlemcen for 8-year siege (longest medieval siege in Maghreb).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Ancient city
Zincirli
Iron Age (c.1000–676 BCE) plus Bronze substrate · Aramaean–Neo-Hittite Samʾal
Iron Age Samʾal 40 ha triple-walled (Kuttamuwa Stele, lion orthostats) in Islahiye valley.
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
M'Zab Valley — Ibadite Fortified Ksar Valley
Medieval Ibadite (11th–14th c to present continuous) · Ibadite Berber (Mozabite) / Rustumid
M'Zab Valley is the intact 11th c Ibadite Pentapolis 480 m deep limestone hamada: 5 fortified ksour (Ghardaïa, Beni Isguen, El Atteuf, Melika, Bou Noura) each on hill with pyramidal mosque-minaret,…
🇩🇿 Algeria · Ancient city
Kalaa of Beni Hammad — Hammadid Fortified City
Islamic Hammadid (1007–1152 CE) · Berber Hammadid / Zirid
Kalaa (Qal'a) of Beni Hammad is the 1007 CE Hammadid capital 1418 m in Hodna mountains, UNESCO 102.
🇸🇾 Syria · Ancient city
Bosra — Nabatean Arch East Gate (Hawran)
Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) · Bronze Age urban
Bosra — Nabatean Arch East Gate (Hawran) in Daraa, Bosra, Syria is a Bronze Age to Classical (3000 BCE–500 CE) ancient city attributed to Bronze Age urban.…
🇹🇲 Turkmenistan · Tell
Gonur Depe
BMAC Bronze Age (c.2500–1500 BCE; peak Margiana 2400–1600 BCE) · Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC/Oxus civilization)
Gonur Depe is the 55-ha capital of the Bactria-Margiana Archaeological Complex (BMAC/Oxus civilization, c.2400–1600 BCE) in Karakum — fortified palace-citadel,...
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Tell Acharneh
Early Bronze Age to Hellenistic (c.3000–300 BCE) · Syrian EBA → Aramaean → Neo-Hittite fringe
Ghāb Orontes fortress tell 12 ha (EB glacis, Iron Age Aramaean town Tunip/Qarqar) in Ghāb swamp.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Ataruz
Iron Age (c.1200–700 BCE; Moabite 900–700, destruction c.700) · Moabite → Israelite (Gad?) → Assyrian destruction
Khirbat Ataruz is likely biblical Ataroth (Numbers 32, Mesha Stele) — massive moat, double wall and Iron complex: gate, cultic building with horned altar, bull...
🇹🇷 Turkey · Temple complex
Heraclea at Latmus Athena Temple — Endymion Mountain City Sanctuary
Hellenistic (300–150 BCE) foundation over Archaic · Hellenistic Lysimachan Heracleans with Karian memory
Athena peripteros 6×11 on cyclopean walled acropolis above Bafa Lake Endymion heroon.
🇵🇸 Palestine · Tell
Tell el-Far'ah South — Sharuhen?
Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age (2000–600 BCE) · Canaanite / Philistine / Egyptian
Tell el-Far'ah South — Sharuhen? in Negev / Gaza border, Palestine is a Middle Bronze Age to Iron Age (2000–600 BCE) tell attributed to Canaanite / Philistine / Egyptian.
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Büyükkaya
Chalcolithic to Iron Age (c.5500 BCE–600 CE; Hittite capital eastern quarters) · Chalcolithic → Hittite Empire → Phrygian → Iron Age polity → Byzantine
Eastern citadel of Hittite Hattusa on Budaközü gorge — silos and Iron Age polity above Boğazköy.
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortified city
Zinchecra — Garamantian Ridge Citadel above Germa
Garamantian Early (900–500 BCE pre-Garma) · Early Garamantian hillfort → Garamantian state origin
Zinchecra excavated by Mattingly 1990s, earliest Garamantian fort prior to valley Garama.
🇸🇾 Syria · Tell
Kadesh
Chalcolithic to Iron Age (c.4000–600 BCE; peak Late Bronze Kadesh kingdom 1500–1200) · Chalcolithic → EB → Mittani → Hittite vassal → Assyrian
Kadesh (Tell Nebi Mend) on Orontes is the Late Bronze city of the Battle of Kadesh (1274 BCE) — largest chariot battle (Hittite Muwatalli II vs Egyptian Ramesse...
🇱🇾 Libya · Fortified city
Old Jarma — Medieval Citadel over Garama
Garamantian to Early Islamic (500 BCE–1500 CE layered) · Garamantian → Arab Jarma
Jarma excavated by Daniels, Islamic layered above Garamantian capital mound.
🇯🇴 Jordan · Tell
Tell Iktanu — Jordan Valley
Early Bronze Age (3600–2500 BCE) · Canaanite
Tell Iktanu — Jordan Valley in Jordan Valley, Jordan is a Early Bronze Age (3600–2500 BCE) tell attributed to Canaanite. EB I-III double town with massive stone walls and glacis on valley floor.
🇮🇷 Iran · Ancient city
Köhne Shahar (Köhne Pasgah Tepesi)
Early Bronze (3500–2900 BCE) · Kura-Araxes Early Bronze
Early Bronze (3500–2900 BCE) ancient-city of Kura-Araxes Early Bronze in East Azerbaijan, Moghan (c.3350 BCE).
🇯🇴 Jordan · Fortified city
Khirbet al-Mudayna ath-Thawr
Iron Age II (1000–600 BCE) · Moabite Iron Age
Iron Age II (1000–600 BCE) fortified-city of Moabite Iron Age in Karak Governorate, Mujib–Karak Plateau (c.1000 BCE).
🇹🇷 Turkey · Fortified city
Anavarza (Anazarbus) and Castle
Hellenistic to medieval (c.100 BCE–1375 CE) · Cappadocian → Roman → Byzantine → Armenian → Mamluk
Cilician metropolis beneath triple-ward Armenian castle on limestone ridge with stadium and triumphal arch.
🇦🇲 Armenia · Ancient city
Metsamor Fortress Citadel North Bastion
Early Bronze Age (3500-2500 BCE) · Early Bronze Age Kura-Araxes
Metsamor Fortress Citadel North Bastion in Armavir Province, Armenia is a Early Bronze Age (3500-2500 BCE) ancient city attributed to Early Bronze Age Kura-Araxes.